技术批判的数字时代转向：从马尔库塞到祖博夫

The Digital Turn in the Critique of Technology: From Marcuse to Zuboff

摘要: 祖博夫的“监控资本主义”理论与马尔库塞批判理论之间的延续与发展关系逐渐有学者展开研究。祖博夫在批判对象方面，其批判逻辑始终围绕人的物化展开阐述，但相对于马尔库塞“无形”的理性批判，她将批判对象对准“有形”的数据，通过提出行为剩余、行为预测、行为修正等概念来反思数字资本主义；在分析方法上，祖博夫始终都与马尔库塞一样反对技术中立，并相对于马尔库塞的存在论批判，她转向了政治经济学批判；在权力形态的分析中，二者都承认支配的普遍化，认为人在不断发展的资本主义控制的技术下“单向度”程度不断加深，祖博夫的理论剖析了权力形态从规训到控制的转变。祖博夫在反思和批判中修正了马尔库塞的技术批判理论中的许多不足和局限性，在一定意义上实现了超越，但两者同样所带有的悲观主义色彩以及批判的不彻底性导致祖博夫仍然未能克服西方批判理论的固有缺陷，在出路的探寻上仍是失败的。

Abstract: Scholars have gradually begun to explore the continuity and developmental relationship between Zuboff’s theory of “surveillance capitalism” and Marcuse’s critical theory. In terms of the object of critique, Zuboff’s critical logic consistently revolves around the reification of human beings. However, in contrast to Marcuse’s critique of the “invisible” reason, she directs her critique at the “visible” data, reflecting on digital capitalism by proposing concepts such as behavioral surplus, behavior prediction, and behavior modification. In terms of analytical method, Zuboff, like Marcuse, rejects technological neutrality; and relative to Marcuse’s ontological critique, she shifts toward a critique of political economy. In the analysis of power forms, both acknowledge the universalization of domination, arguing that human beings are increasingly deepening in their “one-dimensionality” under the constantly developing technology of capitalist control. Zuboff’s theory analyzes the transformation of power forms from discipline to control. Zuboff revises many of the shortcomings and limitations of Marcuse’s critical theory of technology through her reflection and critique, achieving a certain degree of transcendence. However, the pessimism and incomplete critique inherent in both theories mean that Zuboff remains unable to overcome the inherent defects of Western critical theory, and thus her search for a way out still ends in failure.