气候变化下的航运业：欧盟与国际海事组织的环保实践与挑战

The Shipping Industry in the Face of Climate Change: Environmental Practices and Challenges in the EU and the International Maritime Organization

摘要: 在全球气候变化的背景下，航运业作为国际贸易的重要支柱，其环境问题日益突出。航运业不仅贡献了全球约2.5%至3%的二氧化碳排放，还排放大量硫氧化物、氮氧化物及颗粒物，对空气、水域及气候系统造成严重污染。为应对这些挑战，欧盟与国际海事组织(IMO)分别采取了不同的环保实践。欧盟通过立法手段推进绿色转型，如《欧洲绿色新政》、“Fit for 55”计划及碳排放交易系统(ETS)，强调能效提升、排放控制、绿色技术研发和港口国监督。IMO则主要通过制定国际公约(如MARPOL)和能效标准(如EEDI、SEEMP)，推动全球航运业环保标准的一致性，并援助发展中国家改善环保设施。两者在政策目标、实施方式与效果上存在明显差异：欧盟政策更为严格、执行迅速；IMO则更注重全球共识与协调，执行速度相对缓慢。尽管如此，双方在推动航运业可持续发展方面目标一致，亟需加强合作与交流，形成合力应对气候变化。

Abstract: Against the backdrop of global climate change, environmental issues in the shipping industry—a key pillar of international trade—have become increasingly prominent. The shipping industry not only accounts for approximately 2.5% to 3% of global carbon dioxide emissions but also emits large quantities of sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter, causing severe pollution to the air, water, and climate systems. To address these challenges, the European Union and the International Maritime Organization (IMO) have each adopted distinct environmental practices. The EU is advancing the green transition through legislative measures, such as the European Green Deal, the “Fit for 55” package, and the Emissions Trading System (ETS), emphasizing energy efficiency improvements, emissions control, green technology R&D, and port state control. The IMO, on the other hand, primarily promotes consistency in global shipping environmental standards by establishing international conventions (such as MARPOL) and energy efficiency standards (such as EEDI and SEEMP), while also assisting developing countries in improving their environmental infrastructure. There are notable differences between the two in terms of policy objectives, implementation methods, and outcomes: EU policies are stricter and implemented more swiftly, while the IMO places greater emphasis on global consensus and coordination, resulting in relatively slower implementation. Nevertheless, both share the same goal of promoting sustainable development in the shipping industry and urgently need to strengthen cooperation and exchange to form a united front in addressing climate change.