校园欺凌防治中的学校法律责任边界——从安全管理义务到干预义务的演进

The Boundary of School Legal Responsibility in the Prevention and Control of School Bullying—The Evolution from Safety Management Obligation to Intervention Obligation

摘要: 校园欺凌防治正经历从“校规约束”到“法治规范”的转型。2026年《中华人民共和国治安管理处罚法》首次将学生欺凌纳入治安管理处罚范畴，并强化学校报告与处置责任，推动学校法律义务从传统安全管理义务向及时干预义务深刻演进。传统安全管理义务以物理性风险防范为核心，归责滞后且难以应对欺凌行为的隐蔽性与累积性。及时干预义务则要求学校建立防控制度，主动识别欺凌苗头、立即制止欺凌行为、按规定履行报告职责，实现从“事后救济”向“事前预防”的跨越。这一义务演进折射出学校角色从“管理者”向“保护者”的转变，并对学校治理提出体系化制度构建、教职工职责明确配置及家校合作机制化衔接等规范要求。

Abstract: The prevention and control of school bullying is undergoing a transformation from “school rules” to “rule of law”. In 2026, the “Law of the People’s Republic of China on Public Security Administration” included student bullying in the scope of public security management punishment for the first time, strengthened school reporting and disposal responsibilities, and promoted the profound evolution of school legal obligations from traditional safety management obligations to timely intervention obligations. The traditional security management obligation takes physical risk prevention as the core, and the imputation is lagging behind and it is difficult to deal with the concealment and accumulation of bullying. The obligation of timely intervention requires schools to establish a prevention and control system, actively identify signs of bullying, immediately stop bullying, perform reporting duties according to regulations, and achieve a leap from “after-the-fact relief” to “beforehand prevention”. The evolution of this obligation reflects the transformation of the role of the school from “manager” to “protector”, and puts forward some normative requirements for school governance, such as the construction of systematic system, the clear allocation of responsibilities of teaching staff and the institutional connection of home-school cooperation.