“科学”与结构：阿尔都塞重构马克思社会形态理论的路径探析

“Science” and Structure: An Analysis of Althusser’s Approach to Reconstructing Marx’s Theory of Social Formations

摘要: 社会形态理论是马克思主义理论的重要组成部分，是运用唯物辩证法分析社会历史的重要理论成果。20世纪60年代，受法国结构主义思潮影响，阿尔都塞开始尝试以结构主义的方式重申马克思主义的“科学性”。马克思社会形态理论成为阿尔都塞以结构主义原则分析马克思理论科学性的重要对象之一。阿尔都塞一方面从整体性方面强调了社会整体结构的优先性，指出社会历史是无目的、无主体的发展过程；另一方面从共时性的角度分析了社会形态内部存在的“多元决定”和“主导结构”，指出社会历史发展动力在其自身。

Abstract: The theory of social formation is an integral part of Marxist theory and represents a significant theoretical achievement in the application of dialectical materialism to the analysis of social history. In the 1960s, influenced by the French structuralist movement, Althusser began to attempt to reaffirm the “scientific nature” of Marxism through a structuralist approach. Marx’s theory of social formations became one of the key subjects through which Althusser analyzed the scientific nature of Marx’s theory using structuralist principles. On the one hand, Althusser emphasized the primacy of the overall social structure from a holistic perspective, arguing that social history is a process of development devoid of purpose or agency; on the other hand, he analyzed the “multiple determinations” and “dominant structures” within social formations from a synchronic perspective, asserting that the driving force of social historical development lies within the process itself.