构式压制力度的量化尝试——以汉语感叹类构式“A了”“这下A了”“这可A了”为例

A Quantitative Attempt at Constructional Coercion Intensity—A Case Study of Chinese Exclamatory Constructions “A Le”, “Zhe Xia A Le”, and “Zhe Ke A Le”

摘要: 本文在构式语法理论框架下，聚焦构式与词项的互动关系，特别是构式压制力的量化测度问题。研究以汉语感叹类构式“A了”(C1)、“这下A了”(C2)、“这可A了”(C3)为对象，选取在两个构式中均高频出现的词项“好”(L1)和“坏”(L2)，构建小型语料库，并对构式与词项组合的语义韵进行标注，计算积极向占比R及其与0.5的绝对差值T，以T值作为构式压制力的量化指标。通过横向与纵向对比分析，考察同一构式对不同词项的压制差异，以及不同构式对同一词项的压制能力。研究发现：C2与C3具有较高的构式压制力度，且二者数值接近，能够将不同情感色彩的词项大概率地压制成负向语义韵；C1也有一定的压制力度，但远低于C2和C3；构式压制力与构式的主观性程度正相关；词项的固有语义韵强度影响其被压制的难易程度；构式与词项的互动呈现“压制–反抗”的动态平衡。

Abstract: Framed within Construction Grammar, this paper focuses on the interaction between constructions and lexical items, particularly the quantitative measurement of construction coercion. The study investigates three Chinese exclamatory constructions—“A le” (C1), “Zhe xia A le” (C2), and “Zhe ke A le” (C3). Selecting two lexical items, “hao” (L1, “good”) and “huai” (L2, “bad”), which occur with high frequency in all three constructions, a small-scale corpus is built. The semantic prosody of the construction-item combinations is annotated, and the proportion of positive orientation (R) as well as its absolute difference (T) from 0.5 are calculated, with T serving as the quantitative indicator of construction coercion strength. Through both horizontal and vertical comparative analyses, the study examines differences in coercion exerted by the same construction on different lexical items, as well as the coercive capacities of different constructions on the same lexical item. The findings show that C2 and C3 possess high coercion strength, with similar values, and can coerce items of varying emotional valence into negative semantic prosody with high probability. C1 also exhibits some coercive force, but far lower than that of C2 and C3. Construction coercion strength is positively correlated with the degree of subjectivity of the construction. The inherent semantic prosody strength of lexical items affects the ease with which they are coerced. The interaction between construction and lexical items manifests as a dynamic balance of “coercion-resistance.”