基于语料库的汉英批评义近义动词语义韵对比研究

A Corpus-Based Contrastive Study on Semantic Prosody of Chinese and English Synonymous Verbs with Critical Meaning

摘要: 本研究基于汉英双语料库软件，采用定量与定性相结合的方法，系统对比了英语批评义近义动词CRITICIZE、BLAME与汉语对应词“批评”“指责”的语义韵特征。通过提取高频搭配名词与副词、计算MI值及人工标注扩展语义单位，研究发现：英语CRITICIZE与汉语“批评”均以理性评价为核心语义，语义韵呈“中性偏客观”特征；英语BLAME与汉语“指责”则以责任归咎为核心语义，语义韵稳定为“明确负面”。此外，语义韵极性受主谓搭配与动宾搭配类型的显著制约：中性偏客观类动词常与理性主体及中性事物共现，而明确负面类动词多与利益关联主体及负面结果共现。研究结果揭示了汉英批评义动词在语义韵上的跨语言对应关系及其规律性差异，为语义韵的跨语言对比研究提供了实证支持。

Abstract: Based on the Peking University CCL Corpus and the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA), this study adopts a mixed-method of quantitative and approach to systematically compare the semantic prosodies of English near-synonymous verbs of criticism (CRITICIZE, BLAME) and their Chinese counterparts (“Piping”, “Zhize”). By extracting high-frequency collocational nouns and adverbs, calculating MI values, and manually annotating extended semantic units, the study reveals that English CRITICIZE and Chinese “Piping” share “rational evaluation” as their core meaning, exhibiting a “neutral-to-objective” semantic prosody, whereas English BLAME and Chinese “Zhize” center on “responsibility attribution,” displaying a consistently “explicitly negative” semantic prosody. Furthermore, the polarity of semantic prosody is significantly constrained by collocational types, neutral-to-objective verbs tend to co-occur with rational subjects and neutral entities, while explicitly negative verbs frequently appear with interest-related subjects and negative outcomes. These findings uncover cross-linguistic correspondences and systematic differences in the semantic prosodies of Chinese and English verbs of criticism, offering empirical insights for cross-linguistic prosody research.