近五年贵阳机场低能见度天气特征及关键物理量演变分析

Analysis of Low Visibility Weather Characteristics and Evolution of Key Physical Quantities at Guiyang Airport in Recent Five Years

摘要: 本文利用贵阳机场2019~2023年自动观测及历史地面观测资料，研究低能见度发生特征及物理量变化，结论如下：1. 贵阳机场低能见度类型复杂，以辐射雾为主，出现次数与持续时间均居首位；雨后阴天雾次之，占比10.9%。2. 低能见度多发于9~11月，次多发于1~4月，5~8月较少；辐射雾持续时间长、占比高。3. 主导能见度与RVR对应关系良好，辐射雾导致的低能见度中，88%的最低能见度 ≤ 600米，RVR均值为437米。4. 辐射雾全年均可出现，11月为高发期，7月影响最小；起雾前一日20时，气温6.1℃~24.5℃之间，露点为0.22℃~21.1℃，相对湿度66%~98%。5. 辐射雾发生前一日，露点与温度明显上升，露点升至0℃以上，相对湿度达60%以上，76%个例相对湿度超80%。6. 辐射雾发生前日20时气温、相对湿度、露点、修正海压与过程最低主导能见度的相关系数表明，气温、露点与主导能见度呈正相关，修正海压与主导能见度呈负相关。

Abstract: Based on the automatic observation and historical surface observation data of Guiyang Airport from 2019 to 2023, this paper studies the occurrence characteristics of low visibility and variations of related physical quantities. The conclusions are as follows: 1. The types of low visibility at Guiyang Airport are complex, with radiation fog being the dominant type, ranking first in both occurrence frequency and duration; post-rain overcast fog takes the second place, accounting for 10.9%. 2. Low visibility occurs frequently from September to November, secondarily from January to April, and less frequently from May to August. Radiation fog features long duration and high proportion. 3. There is a good corresponding relationship between dominant visibility and runway visual range (RVR). Among low visibility events caused by radiation fog, 88% have a minimum visibility of ≤600 meters, with an average RVR of 437 meters. 4. Radiation fog can occur throughout the year, with a high incidence in November and the weakest impact in July. At 20:00 on the day before fog formation, the temperature ranges from 6.1˚C to 24.5˚C, the dew point ranges from 0.22˚C to 21.1˚C, and the relative humidity ranges from 66% to 98%. 5. On the day before the occurrence of radiation fog, the dew point and temperature rise significantly, with the dew point rising above 0˚C and the relative humidity exceeding 60%. In 76% of cases, the relative humidity is above 80%. 6. The correlation coefficients between temperature, relative humidity, dew point, and corrected sea level pressure at 20:00 on the day before the radiation fog event and the minimum prevailing visibility during the process indicate that temperature and dew point are positively correlated with prevailing visibility, while corrected sea level pressure is negatively correlated with prevailing visibility.