数字时代个人信息保护的民法困境与完善路径——以《中华人民共和国民法典》实施为视角

Civil Law Dilemmas and Improvement Pathways for Personal Information Protection in the Digital Age—From the Perspective of the Implementation of the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China

摘要: 在数字化成为常态的时代，数字经济也如潮流一般席卷了人们的生活，最直观的改变是实体的金钱变成了手机中的一串数字，数字经济下社会生活的各方面都充斥着便利，这也是多数人所偏好和希望的。但由于个人信息本身的特殊性，它兼具人格利益与财产利益双重属性，在当下已成为社会运行与市场交易的重要资源。由于当下网络数据的获取方式使得获取本身变得更容易，导致个人信息变成了半开放甚至全开放状态。虽然说，我国《民法典》通过人格权编中的一些规定，在一定程度上明确了个人信息保护的基本规则，并在民事权益层面作为一种较为权威的规范和理论加以保障。但在具体的司法实践与社会应用中，个人信息保护仍面临着权利边界模糊不清、侵权责任认定和追责困难、举证责任分配失衡、救济机制不够完善等亟待解决的现实问题，加之技术逻辑与法律规范之间存在衔接壁垒。本文将从《民法典》中个人信息的法律定位入手，梳理当前民法保护存在的主要困境，剖析其形成原因，并从权利属性明晰、救济机制优化等方面提出建议。

Abstract: In an era where digitization has become the norm, the digital economy has swept through people’s lives like a tidal wave. The most tangible change is the transformation of physical money into strings of numbers on mobile phones. Digitalization has brought convenience to all aspects of social life, which is what most people prefer and hope for. However, due to the unique nature of personal information, which possesses both personality and property interests, it has now become a critical resource for social operation and market transactions. As the means of acquiring network data have made such acquisition easier, personal information has become semi-open or even fully open. Although China’s Civil Code, through certain provisions in the Personality Rights Book, has to some extent established basic rules for personal information protection and provides a relatively authoritative normative and theoretical guarantee at the level of civil rights and interests, specific judicial practice and social application still face pressing practical issues, such as ambiguous boundaries of rights, difficulties in determining and pursuing tort liability, imbalanced allocation of the burden of proof, and inadequate relief mechanisms. Additionally, there is a gap between technological logic and legal norms. This paper begins by examining the legal positioning of personal information under the Civil Code, identifies the main dilemmas in current civil law protection, analyzes their causes, and proposes suggestions in terms of clarifying the attributes of rights, reconstructing tort liability, and optimizing relief mechanisms.