不同旋翼间距下四旋翼悬停气动特性分析

Analysis of Aerodynamic Characteristics of Quadrotor Hovering at Different Spacings

摘要: 为研究不同旋翼间距对小型四旋翼无人机悬停气动特性的影响，以采用旋翼直径10英寸螺距4.5英寸两叶桨的X型四旋翼为对象，基于Simcenter STAR-CCM+建立三维数值模型，采用多重参考系法(MRF)和SST k-ω湍流模型，对不同间距比工况下的平均推力、平均扭矩及流场分布进行仿真分析。结果表明：四旋翼悬停状态下存在明显的旋翼间气动干扰，小间距条件下平均推力和平均扭矩均低于孤立单旋翼基准值；随着旋翼间距增大，四旋翼平均推力和平均扭矩逐渐增大，并在较大间距下趋于稳定。速度云图和桨盘下方5 mm处压强云图表明，增大旋翼间距能够减弱相邻旋翼尾流交叠和局部压力场耦合作用，使流场分布更加规整。但当间距增大到一定程度后，其改善作用趋于有限。研究结果可为小型四旋翼旋翼布局优化提供参考。

Abstract: To investigate the influence of different rotor spacings on the hover aerodynamic characteristics of small quadrotor UAVs, this study focuses on an X-configuration quadrotor equipped with 10 × 4.5 two-blade propellers. A three-dimensional numerical model was established using Simcenter STAR-CCM+, employing the Multiple Reference Frame (MRF) method and the SST k-ω turbulence model. Simulations were conducted to analyze the average thrust, average torque, and flow field distribution under various spacing ratios. The results indicate that significant aerodynamic interference exists between rotors during quadrotor hover. At smaller spacings, both average thrust and torque are lower than the baseline values of an isolated single rotor. As rotor spacing increases, the quadrotor’s average thrust and torque gradually rise and stabilize at larger spacings. Velocity contours and pressure contours 5 mm below the rotor disk demonstrate that increasing rotor spacing reduces wake overlap and local pressure field coupling between adjacent rotors, leading to more organized flow field distribution. However, the improvement effect becomes limited when spacing exceeds a certain threshold. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing rotor layout in small quadrotor designs.