从“改造自然”到“生态危机”——马克思主义自然观的反思与发展

From “Transforming Nature” to “Ecological Crisis”—Reflections and Development of Marxist Views on Nature

摘要: 本文旨在系统梳理马克思主义自然观在历史发展中的深刻演变与反思。研究从马克思与恩格斯奠基性的论述出发，揭示了其理论中蕴含的“人与自然和解”的生态维度与历史唯物主义分析范式。面对二十世纪下半叶日益凸显的全球性生态危机，经典理论中“改造自然”的能动性一面面临现实挑战。以此为背景，生态学马克思主义应运而生，它通过重构“新陈代谢断裂”等核心概念，将对生态危机的批判深入到资本主义制度与资本逻辑本身，实现了马克思主义自然观的重大发展与深化。最终，理论的生命力在于指导实践。中国的生态文明建设，作为马克思主义自然观与本土实践相结合的典范，实现了对经典理论的创造性转化与创新性发展，为全球生态治理贡献了独具特色的实践经验和实践模式。本文通过这一历史与逻辑相统一的梳理，论证了马克思主义自然观是一个开放的、发展的理论体系，其生态意蕴在应对时代挑战中不断焕发新的生机。

Abstract: This paper aims to systematically review the profound evolution and reflection of Marxist views on nature throughout its historical development. Starting from the foundational discussions of Marx and Engels, it reveals the ecological dimension of “reconciliation between humans and nature” and the historical materialist analytical framework within their theories. In the face of the increasingly prominent global ecological crisis in the second half of the 20th century, the proactive aspect of “transforming nature” in the classic theory has encountered practical challenges. Against this backdrop, ecological Marxism emerged, reconstructing core concepts such as “metabolic rift” to deepen the critique of ecological crisis to the capitalist system and capital logic itself, achieving significant development and deepening of Marxist views on nature. Ultimately, the vitality of theory lies in guiding practice. China’s ecological civilization construction, as a model of the combination of Marxist views on nature and local practice, has achieved creative transformation and innovative development of the classic theory, contributing unique practical experiences and models to global ecological governance. Through this historical and logical unified review, this paper demonstrates that Marxist views on nature is an open and developing theoretical system, whose ecological implications continue to glow new vitality in responding to contemporary challenges.