新质生产力下马克思工艺学研究——基于《资本论》及其手稿的思考

Research on Marx’s Technology Theory under the New Quality Production Model—Thoughts Based on Das Kapital and Its Manuscripts

摘要: 马克思工艺学是马克思用以研究劳动过程的“完全现代的科学”。通过对马克思《资本论》及其手稿中所论述的历史事实进行历史唯物主义分析，系统梳理了从行会手工业、工场手工业和机器大工业中，劳动方式从以劳动者为中心逐步转向以劳动资料为核心的物质动因，由此形成了马克思工艺概念的生成逻辑。借助马克思的工艺学研究范式，阐明了“人对自然的能动关系”和“人的社会生活关系”的历史演变，深刻揭示了劳动者现实生活过程及其精神观念的生产实质，并进一步阐明生产力如何推动劳动方式变革，进而影响生产关系的演进。由此可见，劳动资料与工艺是连接生产力与生产关系的重要中介。在新质生产力发展的背景下，马克思工艺学为理解当代科技革命、劳动资料智能化发展和生产关系变革提供了重要理论依据，为推动高质量发展与人的全面发展提供理论参照。基于此，应当加快传统生产工艺向“新”质态转型，推动劳动资料“向智向善”发展，同时坚持和完善我国生产资料所有制，构建适应高科技、高效能、高质量要求的新型生产关系。

Abstract: Marxian technology studies constitutes the “fully modern science” Marx employed to investigate the labor process. Through a historical materialist analysis of the empirical evidence presented in Das Kapital and its preparatory manuscripts, this approach systematically traces the material impetus behind the transformation of the labor mode—from being worker-centered in guild handicrafts and manufacture to being centered on the instruments of labor in large-scale machine industry—thereby elucidating the generative logic of Marx’s concept of technology. Utilizing Marx’s research paradigm in technology studies, it clarifies the historical evolution of “the active relationship between man and nature” and “the social relations of human life,” profoundly revealing the productive essence of workers’ actual life-process and their spiritual conceptions. Furthermore, it explicates how the productive forces drive transformations in the labor mode and, consequently, shape the evolution of production relations. It is thus evident that the instruments of labor and technology serve as crucial intermediaries linking the productive forces to production relations. In the contemporary context of developing new quality productive forces, Marxian technology studies provide a vital theoretical foundation for understanding the modern technological revolution, the intelligent evolution of the instruments of labor, and the attendant transformation of production relations, offering theoretical guidance for promoting high-quality development and the all-round development of the individual. Accordingly, it is imperative to accelerate the transformation of traditional production techniques toward a “new” qualitative state and to foster the “intelligent and virtuous” development of the instruments of labor. Concurrently, China’s system of ownership over the means of production must be upheld and refined to construct a new type of production relations commensurate with the demands of high technology, high efficiency, and high quality.