《哲学的贫困》与第一国际——马克思对蒲鲁东主义批判的理论有效性研究

The Poverty of Philosophy and the First International—A Study on the Theoretical Validity of Marx’s Critique of Proudhonism

摘要: 《哲学的贫困》对蒲鲁东主义的批判常被视作纯粹理论争论，本文则论证该著作实为第一国际(1864~1871)内部方向之争的重要理论资源。通过文本互勘与概念对勘，揭示马克思在1847年确立的生产关系批判方法论，不仅构成理论论战，更为第一国际内部识别改良主义倾向提供了穿透性的分析框架。核心论点在于：马克思在《哲学的贫困》中确立的“生产关系批判”方法，使得他能够超越具体政策表象，直抵改良主义思潮的结构性缺陷。这种思想能力表明，经典文本的生命力不在于直接引用，而在于其方法论内核在历史情境中的再激活。本文旨在澄清马克思主义“实践”概念的真实内涵，并非理论对现实的简单应用，而是历史辩证法在具体语境中的重新展开。

Abstract: The critique of Proudhonism in The Poverty of Philosophy is often regarded as a purely theoretical debate. This paper argues that this work is actually an important theoretical resource for the internal directional divergence within the First International (1864~1871). Through textual and conceptual comparison, it reveals that the methodology of production relations critique established by Marx in 1847 not only constitutes a theoretical polemic but also provides a penetrating analytical framework for identifying reformist tendencies within the First International. The core argument is that Marx’s method of “production relations critique” in The Poverty of Philosophy enables him to transcend the appearance of specific policies and reach the structural defects of reformist trends. This intellectual capacity shows that the vitality of classic texts lies not in direct quotation but in the reactivation of their methodological core in historical situations. This paper aims to clarify the real connotation of the Marxist concept of “practice”, which is not a simple application of theory to reality, but a re-deployment of historical dialectics in specific contexts.