人工湿地日常管理关键问题与运维对策研究

Key Issues and Operation-Maintenance Strategies in Daily Management of Constructed Wetlands

摘要: 人工湿地是集水质净化、生态修复与景观效益于一体的生态型污水处理技术，在污水处理厂尾水深度处理、农村分散式污水治理、面源污染控制等场景中应用广泛。随着我国水环境治理要求提升与“双碳”战略推进，人工湿地建设规模持续扩大，但长期运行普遍存在重建设、轻管理现象，系统堵塞、植物退化、出水波动、功能衰减等问题突出。现有研究多集中于净化机理、材料改良与工艺强化，对日常运维的系统性评述相对不足。本文系统梳理了人工湿地物理、化学、生物协同净化机制，深度剖析了影响长效运行的关键因素与关键问题之间的内在关联，揭示了基质堵塞、植物退化、水力学失效、溶解氧与碳源限制、微生物活性衰减等问题的耦合机理。在此基础上，提出了运维对策体系，并构建了基于湿地类型、处理目标、气候条件和经济水平的决策支持框架，并展望未来研究方向，为人工湿地标准化、长效化运维提供参考。

Abstract: Constructed wetlands are an ecological wastewater treatment technology integrating water purification, ecological restoration, and landscape benefits. They are widely used in advanced treatment of tailwater from wastewater treatment plants, decentralized rural sewage treatment, and non-point source pollution control. With the improvement of China’s water environment management requirements and the advancement of the “dual carbon” strategy, the construction scale of constructed wetlands has continued to expand. However, long-term operation commonly suffers from the phenomenon of “emphasis on construction but neglect on management,” with prominent problems such as system clogging, plant degradation, effluent fluctuation, and functional attenuation. Existing research mostly focuses on purification mechanisms, material improvement, and process enhancement, while systematic reviews on daily operation and maintenance are relatively insufficient. This paper systematically reviews the physical, chemical, and biological synergistic purification mechanisms of constructed wetlands, deeply analyzes the internal relationships between key factors affecting long-term operation and critical management issues, and reveals the coupling mechanisms of substrate clogging, plant degradation, hydraulic failure, dissolved oxygen and carbon source limitation, and microbial activity attenuation. On this basis, an operation and maintenance strategy system is proposed, and a decision support framework based on wetland type, treatment target, climatic conditions, and economic level is constructed. Future research directions are also discussed, aiming to provide a reference for standardized and long-term operation and maintenance of constructed wetlands.