社会救助视角下农村困难儿童关爱服务实践与推广研究——基于柳州市“五精准”工作法分析

Research on the Practice and Promotion of Care Services for Rural Children in Difficulty from the Perspective of Social Assistance—An Analysis Based on the “Five-Precision” Working Method in Liuzhou

摘要: 在城镇化与城乡协同发展推进的大背景下，农村困难儿童(留守儿童、低保儿童)存在着物质保障不足、学业效能感缺失、心理发展失衡等诸多困境，因此，传统的单一物质型救助显然已经不能满足其全面成长的实际需求。本文以柳州市农村困难儿童关爱服务项目为定性研究案例，以马斯洛需求层次理论为基本框架，采用文献研究、实地访谈等诸种方法，系统梳理服务场域概况和儿童核心需求，由此提出与剖析“五精准”工作法的实践路径，继而总结实施成效，最后提炼出可推广的经验与优化策略。研究表明，“五精准”工作法推动针对农村困难儿童的社会救助从基础生活保障转向全面性的成长发展助力，形成了政府协调推进、社工专业支撑、多方协同参与、以儿童为导向的关爱服务体系，可为柳州市及同类地区农村困难儿童社会救助工作提供实践参考。

Abstract: Under the backdrop of urbanization and the coordinated development of urban and rural areas, rural disadvantaged children (left-behind children, children on welfare assistance) face numerous challenges such as insufficient material support, lack of academic efficacy, and imbalance in psychological development. Therefore, the traditional single-material type of assistance clearly cannot meet their actual needs for comprehensive growth. This article takes the rural disadvantaged children care service project in Liuzhou City as a qualitative research case, using Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory as the basic framework, and employing various methods such as literature research and on-site interviews to systematically summarize the overview of the service field and the core needs of children. Based on this, it proposes and analyzes the practical path of the “Five Precision” work method, then summarizes the implementation results, and finally extracts the replicable experiences and optimization strategies. The research shows that the “Five Precision” work method promotes social assistance for rural disadvantaged children from basic living security to comprehensive support for their growth and development, forming a care service system led by the government, supported by professional social workers, involving multiple parties’ collaborative participation, and oriented towards children. It can provide practical references for the social assistance work for rural disadvantaged children in Liuzhou City and similar regions.