以法语为官方语言的国际组织语言政策研究

A Study on the Language Policy of International Organizations with French as Official Language

摘要: 在推进全球治理体系改革的背景下，从法语视角研究国际组织的语言政策，对提升国家语言软实力、推动法语国际传播具有重要意义。本研究以联合国、欧盟、国际奥林匹克委员会等30个主要国际组织为分析对象，运用斯波斯基(Spolsky, 2004)的语言政策理论框架，从语言意识形态、语言实践、语言管理三个维度探究此类国际组织的政策特征与规律，并剖析法语成为其官方语言的深层动因。研究通过对30个国际组织2020~2024年正式文书、2022~2024年招聘公告及官网语言使用数据的量化统计，得出四项核心结论：(1) 语言意识形态层面，30个国际组织均秉持双语或多语意识形态，无单一法语意识形态的组织，其中27个双语意识形态组织将法、英双语定为官方语言，占比90%；(2) 语言实践层面，法语在30个组织官方网站的使用覆盖率达100%，使用频次以页面占比计达32.7%，仅次于英语(45.2%)，在正式文书中的使用频次以文本篇幅占比计达28.9%，仅次于英语(39.6%)；(3) 语言管理层面，30个国际组织中26个在招聘中优先录用法语使用者，占比86.7%，仅4个组织将法语的口头与书面沟通能力列为部分岗位硬性要求；(4) 法语成为此类国际组织官方语言，主要与法语国家的协作推动、国际组织的区域发展需求、语言文化的多元融合及语言地位的制度化规划密切相关。本研究通过量化数据回应了国际组织语言政策中“象征性与功能性之争”，明确了法语在国际组织中兼具制度性象征与实际沟通功能的双重属性，不仅有助于学界深化对法语在国际组织中使用现状与地位的认知，也为法语在国际组织中的进一步推广提供了政策启示。

Abstract: Under the background of promoting the reform of the global governance system, the study of the language policy of international organizations from the perspective of French is of great significance to the construction of the soft power of the national language and the international promotion of French. This study takes 30 major international organizations (IOs) including the United Nations, the European Union and the International Olympic Committee as research objects, and uses the theoretical framework of language policy proposed by Spolsky (2004) to explore the policy characteristics and laws of these IOs from three dimensions: language ideology, language practice and language management, and analyze the deep motives for French to become their official language. Based on the quantitative statistics of official documents (2020~2024), recruitment announcements (2022~2024) and official website language usage data of the 30 IOs, the study draws four core conclusions: (1) At the level of language ideology, all the 30 IOs adhere to bilingual or multilingual ideologies, with no organizations holding French monolingual ideology. Among them, 27 bilingual ideology organizations (90%) designate French and English as their official languages; (2) At the level of language practice, the usage coverage of French on the official websites of the 30 IOs reaches 100%, with a usage frequency of 32.7% in terms of page proportion, second only to English (45.2%), and the usage frequency in official documents reaches 28.9% in terms of text length proportion, second only to English (39.6%); (3) At the level of language management, 26 of the 30 IOs (86.7%) give priority to recruiting French users in employment, and only 4 organizations list French oral and written communication skills as a hard requirement for some positions; (4) The reason why French has become the official language of such IOs is mainly related to the collaborative promotion of French-speaking countries, the regional development needs of IOs, the diversified integration of language and culture, and the institutional planning of language status. This study responds to the “symbolic and functional debate” in the language policy of IOs through quantitative data, clarifies the dual attributes of French in IOs, which is both an institutional symbol and a practical communication function. It not only helps the academic circle to deepen the understanding of the current usage and status of French in IOs, but also provides policy implications for the further promotion of French in IOs.