汉语方言动词“伸”的共时分布与历时演变

The Synchronic Distribution and Diachronic Evolution of the Verb “Shēn” (Extend) in Chinese Dialects

摘要: 本文基于大规模方言调查数据，结合历史文献与音韵分析，对汉语方言中表示肢体“伸展舒张”义的动词“伸”进行本字考证。现代汉语方言中表“伸展”义的动词以“伸”为主，还涉及“抻”“摛”“展”“擩”等语素。从“伸”在各个方言点的记音推测中古书母及臻摄真韵开口三等字在不同方言区的历时音变，语音上声母演变呈现卷舌化、平舌化、塞擦化等多重路径，韵母则表现为韵尾保留、鼻化、后鼻化及圆唇化等层次。由此推论“抻”“撑”“牵”“穿”“春”等方言记音所用字皆表示的是同一个字。“伸”、“抻”表伸展义的义项皆来源于“申”字，但二者所施加的对象并不一致，“抻”这一用法可能是词义扩大，或是文白异读“伸”字借用“抻”字匹配白读层。

Abstract: Based on large-scale dialectal survey data, combined with historical documents and phonological analysis, this paper conducts an etymological verification of the verb shēn, which denotes the meaning of “stretching or extending” limbs in Chinese dialects. Modern Chinese dialects primarily use shēn to express the meaning of “extension,” along with other morphemes such as chēn, chī, zhǎn, and rǔ. By examining the recorded pronunciations of shēn across various dialect points, this study infers the diachronic sound changes of the Middle Chinese shu initial and the open-mouth third-grade characters belonging to the Zhen rhyme of the Zhen rhyme group. In terms of phonetics, the initial consonants exhibit multiple evolutionary paths, including retroflexion, apicalization (non-retroflex flattening), and affrication. The finals, on the other hand, display various diachronic strata such as preservation of the nasal coda, nasalization, velar nasal ending (post-nasalization), and rounding. From these findings, it is deduced that dialectal recorded forms such as chēn , chēng, qiān, chuān, and chūn all represent the same underlying character. The meanings of “extension” expressed by shēn and chēn both originate from the character shēn. However, the objects to which they apply differ. The usage of chēn may result from semantic broadening or may represent a colloquial reading of shēn borrowed through the character chēn to match the colloquial phonological layer.