马克思主义视域下老年人需要结构的重塑与实现

The Reshaping and Fulfillment of the Elderly Need Structure from a Marxist Perspective

摘要: 在中国式现代化进程中，人口老龄化已成为必须直面且亟待破解的重大社会课题。当前，针对老年人的保障体系多侧重于物质层面的“生存”兜底，而在一定程度上忽视了其作为社会主体对“发展”的深层渴求。本文立足于马克思主义需要理论，批判性地吸纳马斯洛需求层次理论的合理内核，构建了“生存–发展”二重性的老年人需要结构分析框架。研究认为，老年人的需要并非静止的生理维持，而是一个从“生存型需要”向“发展型需要”动态跃升的历史过程。在市场化改革和社会保障体系转型的双重挤压下，老年人需要结构存在“生存化固着”与“异化”的风险。重塑老年人需要结构，必须坚持以人民为中心的价值取向，超越单纯的生物性生存逻辑，将“人的全面发展”贯穿于老龄化治理的全过程。通过养老服务体系的精准化供给、社会公共空间的适老化改造以及老年人社会参与能力的组织化培育，构建满足老年人多层次需要的实现路径，使其在“美好生活”的构建中真正获得尊严、归属与自我实现。

Abstract: In the process of Chinese modernization, population aging has become a major social issue that must be faced and urgently addressed. Currently, the social security system for the elderly mostly focuses on the material level of “survival” safety nets, while neglecting their deep desire for “development” as social subjects to a certain extent. Based on the Marxist theory of needs, this paper critically absorbs the rational core of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and constructs an analytical framework of the “survival-development” duality of the elderly’s need structure. The study argues that the needs of the elderly are not static physiological maintenance, but a historical process of dynamic transition from “survival needs” to “development needs”. Under the dual pressure of market-oriented reforms and the transformation of the social security system, there is a risk of “survival fixation” and “alienation” in the need structure of the elderly. To reshape the need structure of the elderly, we must adhere to the people-centered value orientation, transcend the logic of pure biological survival, and integrate “comprehensive human development” into the entire process of aging governance. By building implementation paths that satisfy the multi-level needs of the elderly through the precise allocation of elderly care service systems, the age-friendly transformation of community public spaces, and the organized cultivation of elderly social participation capabilities, we can enable them to truly achieve dignity, belonging, and self-realization in the construction of a “better life”.