非遗数字化传播中邻接权主体法律适配——主体类型、权利困境与制度构建

Non-Intangible Cultural Heritage Digital Dissemination and the Legal Adaptation of Neighboring Rights Subjects—Subject Types, Rights Dilemmas, and Institutional Construction

摘要: 在非遗数字化传播的过程中，囿于《中华人民共和国著作权法》对邻接权保护的封闭式列举，现行的短视频平台、数字博物馆、AI内容生成等新型传播主体难以纳入其保护范畴，面临维权困难的困境。以“劳动性质”和“成果贡献”为核心的综合标准，将邻接权的传播主体划分为平台型主体、机构型主体、AI辅助型主体三类主体，涵盖了非遗数字化传播中的主体类型，解构其在权利主张、内容界定、边界冲突与公益限制等方面所面临的多重现实困境。通过以公法为主、私法赋能的模式，扩容邻接权主体、限制权利边界以及构建利益互惠分享机制，建立适应数字时代非遗传播特点的邻接权制度，以实现文化公益与投资者私益的平衡保护。

Abstract: In the process of digital dissemination of intangible cultural heritage (ICH), constrained by the closed-list enumeration of neighboring rights protection in the Copyright Law, emerging dissemination entities such as short video platforms, digital museums, and AI-generated content find it difficult to be incorporated into its protective scope, facing challenges in rights enforcement. A comprehensive standard centered on “nature of labor” and “contribution of achievement” classifies the dissemination subjects of neighboring rights into three categories: platform-based subjects, institution-based subjects, and AI-assisted subjects. This typology encompasses the main actors in ICH digital dissemination and deconstructs the multiple practical dilemmas they encounter regarding rights claims, content definition, boundary conflicts, and public interest limitations. Through a model that prioritizes public law and empowers private law—by expanding the scope of neighboring rights subjects, delimiting rights boundaries, and constructing a benefit-sharing mechanism—a neighboring rights system adapted to the characteristics of ICH dissemination in the digital era can be established. This aims to achieve a balanced protection of cultural public interests and the private interests of investors.