平台用工模式下骑手劳动关系的认定困境与路径重构

The Dilemma and Path Reconstruction of Riders’ Labor Relations under the Platform Employment Model

摘要: 平台用工的兴起，暴露了传统劳动关系认定标准在数字时代的系统性失灵。长期以来，平台对“灵活性”与“去劳动关系化”的片面追求，导致形式自由与实质控制的悖论。2023年发布的典型案例，重申“事实优先”原则，并将算法控制因素纳入审查范畴。2024年底，最高法进一步在新就业形态劳动争议指导性案例中，提炼出“支配性劳动管理”这一裁判要旨。鉴此，可在承续司法实践的发展脉络的同时，超越“不完全符合劳动关系”之理论窠臼。以外卖骑手为典例，在劳动“二分法”之既有框架下，整合技术控制要素，构建一个兼具理论解释力与司法操作性的骑手劳动关系认定标准。

Abstract: The rise of platform employment has exposed the systematic failure of traditional labor relations identification standards in the digital age. For a long time, the one-sided pursuit of “flexibility” and “de-labor relations” has led to the paradox of formal freedom and substantive control. Typical cases released in 2023 reiterate the principle of “facts first” and include algorithmic control factors in the scope of review. At the end of 2024, the Supreme People’s Court further extracted the gist of the judgment of “dominant labor management” in the Guiding Cases of Labor Disputes in New Forms of Employment. In view of this, while inheriting the development context of judicial practice, it can go beyond the theoretical stereotype of “not fully in line with labor relations”. Taking delivery riders as an example, under the existing framework of the labor “dichotomy”, the technical control elements are integrated to construct a standard for determining the labor relationship of riders with both theoretical interpretation and judicial operation.