越权担保中公司过错认定的抽象化及其修正

The Abstraction of the Determination of Corporate Fault in Ultra Vires Guarantees and Its Rectification

摘要: 《九民纪要》及《民法典担保制度解释》出台后，越权担保案件已基本形成先判断相对人善意，再判断公司过错的裁判结构，但公司过错的认定仍较为抽象。实践中，法院常以内部管理混乱、公章管理不严、监督不力等概括性表述认定公司过错，并将责任比例较多配置于高位，致使公司过错这一独立责任要件的意义被削弱，赔偿责任亦呈现出一定的外部兜底色彩。公司在此承担的应是以治理过错为基础的赔偿责任，而非主债务的替代清偿责任，因此公司过错的认定应从抽象评价转向具体审查，重点围绕印章控制、人员控制和后续处置等事项展开，并在责任分配中结合过错类型、轻重及原因力大小作分层判断。如此，方能维持公司过错的独立性，并使公司赔偿责任回归其应有边界。

Abstract: Since the issuance of the “Minutes of the Ninth National Courts’ Civil” and “Commercial Trial Work Conference and the Interpretation of the Supreme People’s Court on the Guarantee System of the Civil Code”, adjudication in cases of unauthorized corporate guarantees has largely developed a two-step framework: first, determining whether the counterparty is in good faith; and second, determining whether the company is at fault. Yet the finding of corporate fault remains highly abstract. In practice, courts often rely on generalized findings such as chaotic internal management, lax seal control, and inadequate supervision, while allocating a relatively high proportion of liability to the company. This has weakened the significance of corporate fault as an independent requirement of liability and has caused corporate liability to assume an external backstop function to some extent. The company should bear compensatory liability based on governance-related fault, rather than liability amounting to substitute performance of the principal debt. Accordingly, the determination of corporate fault should shift from abstract evaluation to concrete review, focusing on such matters as seal control, personnel control, and subsequent remedial measures. In apportioning liability, courts should adopt a layered approach in light of the type of fault, its degree of seriousness, and its causal significance. Only in this way can the independence of corporate fault be maintained and corporate compensatory liability be restored to its proper limits.