地下采矿诱发地表塌陷的数值模拟与预测研究——以普朗铜矿为例

A Study on Numerical Simulation and Prediction of Surface Subsidence Induced by Underground Mining—A Case Study of the Pulang Copper Mine

摘要: 采矿活动引起的地表沉降与塌陷是矿产资源开发过程中面临的重要地质灾害之一，严重威胁矿区生态环境及人员生命财产安全。地表塌陷不仅会破坏地层结构，还会造成地表建筑物、构筑物及工程设施的损伤，具有显著的工程与环境效应。本研究以云南普朗铜矿自然崩落法开采过程中产生的地表沉降现象为研究对象，采用三维数值模拟方法系统分析采矿活动对地表变形的作用机制，重点探讨首采区开采完成后南部矿区持续开采条件下地表塌陷的演化过程。模拟结果表明，南部矿区采矿活动导致其上覆地表逐渐发生塌陷，且塌陷范围随开采推进不断扩大。通过将数值模拟得到的地表位移及塌陷范围与实测数据进行对比，验证了所建立数值模型及模拟方法的可行性。在此基础上，进一步预测了后续采矿可能引起的地表塌陷范围，可为矿区安全生产与生态环境保护提供科学依据。

Abstract: Surface subsidence and collapse induced by mining activities are among the major geological hazards encountered during mineral resource exploitation, posing serious threats to the ecological environment of mining areas as well as to human life and property safety. Surface collapse not only damages the geological structure but also causes significant deterioration to surface buildings, structures, and engineering facilities, exhibiting pronounced engineering and environmental impacts. In this study, the surface subsidence induced during the block caving mining process at the Pulang Copper Mine in Yunnan Province is taken as the research object. A three-dimensional numerical simulation method is employed to systematically investigate the mechanisms of surface deformation caused by mining activities, with a particular focus on the evolution of surface collapse under the condition of continued mining in the southern mining area after the completion of extraction in the initial mining zone. The simulation results indicate that mining activities in the southern mining area lead to progressive surface collapse above the mined-out region, and the extent of collapse continuously expands with the advancement of mining. By comparing the simulated surface displacement and collapse extent with field monitoring data, the reliability and applicability of the established numerical model and simulation approach are validated. On this basis, the potential extent of surface collapse induced by subsequent mining is further predicted, providing a scientific basis for safe production and ecological environmental protection in the mining area.