太阳能界面蒸发基体材料研究进展

Research Progress on Substrate Materials for Solar-Driven Interfacial Evaporation

摘要: 太阳能界面蒸发技术通过热局域效应实现高效光热转换，在海水淡化、废水净化等领域应用前景广阔。基体材料作为界面蒸发器的核心支撑组件，承担水传输、热管理与力学支撑功能，其结构设计与材料选择直接影响蒸发性能。近年来，研究者围绕功能集成、热管理调控及蒸发焓降低等研究方向开展了大量探索，但不同材料体系在水输运能力及长期稳定性方面仍面临各自的挑战。本文从结构维度对比二维薄膜与三维块体基体的热管理机制及优化策略。围绕泡沫、气凝胶、水凝胶及天然生物质四类基体材料，系统归纳其结构特征、性能表现与改性思路，并展望未来发展方向。

Abstract: Solar-driven interfacial evaporation technology achieves efficient photothermal conversion through thermal localization, and holds broad application prospects in fields such as seawater desalination and wastewater purification. As the core supporting component of the interfacial evaporator, the substrate material undertakes the functions of water transport, thermal management, and mechanical support; its structural design and material selection directly affect the evaporation performance. In recent years, researchers have carried out extensive explorations focusing on research directions such as functional integration, thermal management regulation, and reduction of evaporation enthalpy, but different material systems still face respective challenges in water transport capacity and long-term stability. This paper first compares the thermal management mechanisms and optimization strategies of two-dimensional film and three-dimensional bulk substrates from the perspective of structural dimensionality, then systematically summarizes the structural characteristics, performance, and modification strategies of the four types of substrate materials—foams, aerogels, hydrogels, and natural biomass—and discusses future development directions.