吐鲁番出土《千字文》习字残片与唐代西州童蒙教育

The Discovery of “Thousand Character Classic” Writing Fragments in Turpan and Tang Dynasty Literacy Education in Western Regions

摘要: 本吐鲁番出土的《千字文》习字残片，将唐代宏观教育制度与微观书写实践紧密联结，为考察西州童蒙教育的实际形态提供了珍贵的实物视角。本文以阿斯塔那、巴达木、洋海等墓地出土的《千字文》习字残片为核心材料，通过类型学分析、书写特征考察与出土情境解读，系统探讨唐代西州童蒙教育的教材来源、教学实态、主体构成及其文化意义。研究发现，西州《千字文》习字残片可分为范本型、练习型、作业型三种类型，完整呈现了“单字重复→短句临摹→整篇抄写”的教学阶梯；纸鞋残片与令狐慈敏习字文书相互印证，揭示了官学、私学、家庭教育三元并存的教育格局；《千字文》文本与传世本高度一致，证明唐代教育制度在西域的标准化推行。这批残片不仅是西州童蒙识字教化的工具，更是唐朝通过文化教育实现边疆治理、构建国家认同的见证。

Abstract: The unearthed fragments of the “Thousand Character Classic” from Turpan demonstrate the close integration between the Tang Dynasty’s macro educational system and micro-level writing practices, providing invaluable physical evidence for examining the actual forms of early childhood education in Western Regions. Using fragments excavated from Astana, Badamu, and Yanghai tombs as core materials, this study employs typological analysis, writing feature examination, and contextual interpretation to systematically explore the textbook sources, teaching practices, participant composition, and cultural significance of early childhood education in Tang-era Western Regions. Research reveals that Western Region’s “Thousand Character Classic” fragments can be categorized into three types: model texts, practice materials, and homework assignments, systematically demonstrating a teaching progression from “single-character repetition → short sentence imitation → full-text copying”. The discovery of paper shoe fragments corroborates Linghu Cimin’s writing records, revealing a tripartite educational framework encompassing official schools, private academies, and family education. The high textual consistency between the “Thousand Character Classic” manuscripts and extant copies confirms the standardized implementation of Tang educational policies in the Western Regions. These fragments not only served as literacy tools for Western Region children but also stood as testament to the Tang Dynasty’s use of cultural education to govern frontier territories and construct national identity.