语言接触中的“可见”与“不可见”——安徽阜阳汉语方言借词分层研究

“Visible” and “Invisible” in Language Contact—A Stratification Study of Loanwords in the Fuyang Dialect of Anhui Province

摘要: 本文以语言接触理论为分析工具，聚焦安徽阜阳汉语方言中的借词现象，试回答以下研究问题：在非民族地区汉语方言中，借词呈现怎样的层次结构？不同层次借词的来源、功能和整合程度存在哪些系统差异？以安徽阜阳方言为语料来源，挑选15个涵盖生活用品、饮食、称谓、动作等多个语义场的典型借词进行原词考证。基于“可见叠加”与“不可见叠加”理论框架，结合语言接触类型与程度层级理论，对借词进行分层描写。研究发现：阜阳方言借词存在清晰的层次分化，可分为“可见叠加”的近代文化借词层与“不可见叠加”的古语传承层。前者以“洋货”词为代表，借入时间明确、外来标记清晰、语音整合浅度、正在快速萎缩；后者以古代汉语传承词为代表，历时传承久远、无外来标记、语音深度整合、部分仍在口语中存续。

Abstract: Adopting language contact theory as its analytical framework, this paper focuses on loanword phenomena in the Fuyang dialect of Anhui Province and seeks to address the following research questions: What kind of hierarchical structure do loanwords exhibit in a Chinese dialect spoken in a non-ethnic minority region? What systematic differences exist among loanword strata in terms of source, function, and degree of integration? Using the Fuyang dialect of Anhui Province as the corpus, this study selects fifteen typical loanwords covering multiple semantic fields—such as daily necessities, food and drink, appellations, and actions—and traces their origins. Drawing on the theoretical frameworks of “visible superposition” and “invisible superposition”, combined with theories of language contact typology and degree hierarchy, it provides a stratified description of these loanwords. The findings reveal a clear hierarchical differentiation among loanwords in the Fuyang dialect, which can be divided into a modern cultural loanword stratum characterized by “visible superimposition” and an archaic inherited stratum characterized by “invisible superimposition”. The former is typified by terms for foreign goods introduced, marked by clear borrowing timeframes, distinct foreign markers, shallow phonetic integration, and rapid obsolescence. The latter comprises inherited words from ancient Chinese, characterized by long-term diachronic transmission, absence of foreign markers, deep phonetic integration, and continued vitality in colloquial use.