汉越语“手”表人类词缀对比研究

A Comparative Study of the Human-Denoting Affixoid “Hand” in Chinese and Vietnamese

摘要: “手”作为高频人体部位词，在汉语与越南语中均具有较强构词活力，通过隐喻与转喻机制演化为表人类词缀性成分。本文采纳“类词缀”的操作性定义，结合认知语言学、语法化及语言接触理论，依托《BCC语料库》《Vietlex语料库》筛选语料，系统对比汉越语“手”表人类词缀的语义演化、构词特征、语用特征及文化认知差异。研究发现，两种语言均遵循“手→操作→能力→人”的隐喻路径，但语法化程度呈现层级差异：汉语“手”已发展为高度语法化的类词缀，趋向规范稳定；越南语形成双轨系统，“thủ”(汉越词)为中度语法化弱类词缀，“tay”(纯越词)为低度语法化半实义成分，灵活性更强。这种差异源于语言系统演化、文化认知模式及语言接触的历史积淀，揭示了语言接触中“外来构词成分趋向词汇化封闭、本土成分保持构式开放”的功能分化模式。

Abstract: As a high-frequency body-part term, “hand” exhibits strong word-formation productivity in both Chinese and Vietnamese. Through mechanisms of metaphor and metonymy, it has evolved into an affixoid element denoting human agents. Adopting an operational definition of “affixoid”, this study integrates perspectives from cognitive linguistics, grammaticalization theory, and language contact theory. Drawing on data extracted from the BCC Corpus and the Vietlex Corpus, the paper systematically compares the semantic evolution, word-formation patterns, pragmatic functions, and cultural-cognitive differences of the human-denoting affixoid “hand” in Chinese and Vietnamese. The findings indicate that both languages follow a shared metaphorical pathway of “hand → operation → ability → human”. However, their degrees of grammaticalization differ hierarchically: in Chinese, “shou” has developed into a highly grammaticalized affixoid with increasing standardization and stability; in Vietnamese, a dual-track system has emerged, in which “thủ” (a Sino-Vietnamese element) functions as a moderately grammaticalized weak affixoid, while “tay” (a native Vietnamese form) remains a low-degree grammaticalized, semi-lexical element with greater flexibility. These differences stem from the historical accumulation of language-internal evolution, cultural cognition, and language contact. The study provides a representative case for Chinese-Vietnamese comparative research, cognitive linguistics, and language contact studies, and also offers implications for bilingual teaching and translation between Chinese and Vietnamese.