积极刑法观视域下高空抛物罪的刑法教义学分析

Dogmatic Analysis of the Crime of Throwing Objects from Height from the Perspective of Active Criminal Law Approach

摘要: 随着刑事立法进入活跃期，不断增长的法益保护需求决定了以积极刑法观为指引的轻罪立法具有正当性。《刑法修正案（十一）》中高空抛物罪的增设作为轻罪立法的典型，是对积极刑法观的贯彻，符合风险社会法益保护的需要的同时也不会违背刑法谦抑性原则。对高空抛物罪的刑法教义学分析需要秉持客观解释、实质解释的立场。高空抛物罪的保护法益是公共秩序。“高空”应当指距离被抛掷物品坠落点具有一定高度差的高处，“抛掷”必须存在行为施行方，对物品施加一定的作用力，借助工具实施也是行为的一种，对“物品”的种类不应当予以限制。“情节严重”在犯罪构成体系中是起实行行为结束之后反映法益侵害程度的作用，既包括发生实际损害结果的情形，也包括威胁他人的人身或者财产的潜在危险。

Abstract: As criminal legislation has entered an active phase, the growing demand for legal interest protection justifies the enactment of misdemeanor laws guided by an active criminal law approach. The addition of the crime of throwing objects from a high altitude in the Criminal Law Amendment (XI) serves as a typical example of misdemeanor legislation, reflecting the implementation of the active criminal law approach. It meets the needs of legal interest protection in a risk society without violating the principle of modesty in criminal law. A criminal law dogmatic analysis of the crime of throwing objects from a high altitude should adhere to an objective and substantive interpretation. The legal interest protected by this crime is public order. “High altitude” refers to a certain height difference between the throwing point and the landing point. “Throwing” requires an act by the perpetrator involving the exertion of force on an object, and the use of tools also constitutes an act of throwing. The types of “objects” should not be subject to restrictions. “Serious circumstances”, as part of the constitutive elements of the crime, serve to reflect the degree of legal interest infringement after the completion of the act, including both situations where actual damage occurs and those where potential danger threatens the safety of persons or property of others.