积极元刻板印象对群际关系的双重影响综述

A Review of the Dual Effects of Positive Meta-Stereotypes on Intergroup Relations

摘要: 积极元刻板印象是指个体感知到外群体对自己所属内群体持有的积极评价，其对群际关系会产生促进与窒息两种效应。促进作用主要体现在三个方面：改善个体群际互动预期，满足个体社会认同，激发积极的互惠行为。在特定条件下，积极元刻板印象也可能引发窒息效应，对群际关系产生负面影响，这包括：引发评价忧虑和对积极看法可信度的质疑；当积极认知与个人关联性较低时，无法转化为有效的互动动力；以及在评价性情境中，转化为表现压力，导致行为失常和互动质量下降。最后本文进一步从认知评估、动机与认同、以及群际权力结构与文化三个层面，整合了驱动这两种相反效应的关键机制。

Abstract: Positive meta-stereotypes refer to an individual’s perception of positive evaluations that an outgroup holds toward their own ingroup, which can produce two contrasting effects on intergroup relations: facilitation and choking. The facilitative effect is mainly manifested in three aspects: improving individuals’ expectations for intergroup interaction, fulfilling their social identity, and motivating positive reciprocal behaviors. Under certain conditions, positive meta-stereotypes may also trigger a choking effect, exerting a negative impact on intergroup relations. This includes: arousing evaluation apprehension and skepticism toward the authenticity of the positive perceptions; failing to translate into effective interactive motivation when the positive perceptions are low in personal relevance; and transforming into performance pressure in evaluative situations, leading to behavioral disruption and a decline in interaction quality. Finally, the article further integrates the key mechanisms driving these two opposite effects from three levels: cognitive appraisal, motivation and identity, and intergroup power structure and culture.