非药物干预神经病理性疼痛的神经免疫炎症机制研究进展

Research Progress on Neuroimmune Inflammation Mechanisms of Non-Pharmacological Interventions for Neuropathic Pain

摘要: 神经病理性疼痛是由躯体感觉系统损伤或疾病引起的慢性疼痛，具有病程迁延、易反复、治疗效果有限等特点。近年来研究表明，神经免疫炎症贯穿其发生、发展与维持全过程，涉及免疫细胞募集、炎症介质释放、胶质细胞活化及中枢敏化等多个环节。针刺、电针、运动干预及物理因子治疗等非药物手段因安全性较高、可长期实施及多靶点调节等优势，逐渐成为研究热点。现有研究提示，此类干预可通过抑制促炎因子表达、调节免疫细胞活化与表型转化、减轻胶质细胞过度反应，并影响NF-κB、MAPK等信号通路，从而发挥镇痛作用。本文围绕神经免疫炎症机制，对非药物干预神经病理性疼痛的研究进展进行综述，以期为相关机制研究及临床干预优化提供参考。

Abstract: Neuropathic pain is a type of chronic pain caused by lesions or diseases of the somatosensory system, characterized by prolonged course, frequent recurrence, and limited therapeutic effects. In recent years, studies have shown that neuroinflammation is involved in the entire process of its occurrence, development and maintenance, including immune cell recruitment, release of inflammatory mediators, glial cell activation, central sensitization and other processes. Non-pharmacological interventions such as acupuncture, electroacupuncture, exercise intervention and physical therapy have gradually become research hotspots due to their advantages of high safety, long-term applicability and multi-target regulation. Existing studies suggest that these interventions can exert analgesic effects by inhibiting the expression of pro-inflammatory factors, regulating the activation and phenotypic transformation of immune cells, attenuating excessive glial responses, and affecting signaling pathways including NF-κB and MAPK. Focusing on neuroimmune inflammatory mechanisms, this article reviews the research progress of non-pharmacological interventions for neuropathic pain, aiming to provide references for related mechanistic studies and optimization of clinical interventions.