《1844年经济学哲学手稿》中的异化劳动思想解析

An Analysis of the Concept of Alienated Labor in the Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844

摘要: 自《1844年经济学哲学手稿》(简称《手稿》)诞生以来，其蕴含的异化劳动理论在学术界激起了广泛探讨，并迅速成为热议的中心话题。这一理论不仅标志着马克思思想的一次深刻转型，即从人本主义的理想逻辑逐步转向唯物史观的坚实逻辑，而且《手稿》中异化劳动理论无疑为马克思构建唯物史观奠定了初步基础。然而，由于《手稿》在马克思生前并未公开，其内容存在一定的不完整性，加之异化劳动理论带有人本主义逻辑的某些局限，导致部分学者错误地认为马克思在后期摒弃了这一理论。但实际上，马克思从未放弃异化劳动理论，而是超越了人本主义的理想逻辑，以更为科学、更贴合历史规律的历史唯物主义视角，对其进行了全新的阐释。全面而深入地梳理和理解《手稿》中的异化劳动理论，对于准确把握马克思早期思想的发展轨迹、深刻洞察当代资本主义社会的基本矛盾及劳资关系，具有极其重要的意义。

Abstract: Since the publication of the Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 (hereinafter referred to as the Manuscripts), the theory of alienated labor contained therein has sparked widespread academic debate and quickly become a hotly discussed topic. This theory not only marks a profound transformation in Marx’s thought—namely, a gradual shift from the idealistic logic of humanism to the robust logic of historical materialism—but the theory of alienated labor in the Manuscripts also undoubtedly laid the preliminary foundation for Marx’s construction of historical materialism. However, because the Manuscripts were not published during Marx’s lifetime, their content remains incomplete. Coupled with certain limitations inherent in the humanistic logic of the theory of alienated labor, this has led some scholars to mistakenly believe that Marx abandoned this theory in his later years. In reality, Marx never abandoned the theory of alienated labor; rather, he transcended the idealistic logic of humanism and offered a completely new interpretation of it from the perspective of historical materialism—a perspective that is more scientific and better aligned with the laws of history. A comprehensive and in-depth examination and understanding of the theory of alienated labor in the Manuscripts is of paramount importance for accurately tracing the developmental trajectory of Marx’s early thought and for gaining a profound insight into the fundamental contradictions of contemporary capitalist society and labor-capital relations.