天津北大港水库大型水生植物群落结构调查研究

Investigation on Community Structure of Aquatic Plants in Tianjin Beidagang Reservoir

摘要: 大型水生植物群落结构可有效指示水生态系统健康状况。本研究通过对北大港水库三期调查，分析大型水生植物的物种组成、生物多样性及群落结构特征，以评估水库水环境质量与生态系统健康状况。研究基于三期调查数据，共采集大型水生植物16种，分属10科13属，设置5个采样点位，重点分析物种组成、密度、生物量及优势种动态。运用Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H')、Pielou均匀度指数(J)、Margalef丰富度指数(D)等生物指标，结合科属占比及季节变化，揭示了水库大型水生植物的时空分布特征。结果显示，第二期群落结构最优(H' = 1.73, J = 0.75, D = 1.19)，第三期因物种单一化，生态状况为三期最差。研究验证了大型水生植物多样性指数对水库湖泊生态系统的重要指示作用，为北方水库水生态管理及季节性环境适应研究提供了科学依据。

Abstract: The structure of large aquatic plant communities can serve as an effective indicator of the health of aquatic ecosystems. This study analyzed the species composition, biodiversity, and community structure of large aquatic plants based on the third phase of surveys conducted at the Beidagang Reservoir, with the aim of assessing the reservoir’s water quality and ecosystem health. Based on data from three survey phases, a total of 16 species of large aquatic plants were collected, representing 10 families and 13 genera. Five sampling sites were established, and the study focused on analyzing species composition, density, biomass, and the dynamics of dominant species. Using biological indices such as the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H'), Pielou evenness index (J), and Margalef richness index (D), and combining these with family and genus proportions as well as seasonal variations, this study revealed the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of large aquatic plants in the reservoir. The results showed that the community structure was optimal in the second phase (H' = 1.73, J = 0.75, D = 1.19), while the third phase exhibited the poorest ecological condition of the three phases due to species homogenization. The study confirmed the important indicative role of the large aquatic plant diversity index for reservoir and lake ecosystems, providing a scientific basis for water ecological management and research on seasonal environmental adaptation in northern reservoirs.