劳动力外流背景下农村留守老人的养老困境与支持路径——以清河镇为例

The Elderly Care Dilemma and Support Pathways of Rural Left-Behind Elderly in the Context of Labor Outflow—A Case Study of Qinghe Town

摘要: 随着我国城镇化的快速发展，农村青壮年劳动力大规模向城市迁移，导致农村地区老龄化问题尤为突出，产生了大量的留守老人。他们的养老生活面临着经济供养、生活照料、精神慰藉等多重挑战。本研究以社会支持理论和家庭系统理论为基础，通过对典型乡镇清河镇的实地调查，深入了解了子女外出务工后农村留守老人的真实生活状况、具体需求及面临的困境。研究发现，子女外出虽然可能改善家庭经济条件，但也显著削弱了传统家庭养老的功能，引发了“照料真空”与“情感缺失”并存的问题，并增加了社区与公共服务的压力。最后，从家庭责任强化、社区服务补充和国家政策托底三个层面，提出了整合性的对策建议，旨在为构建符合农村实际的多层次养老支持体系提供参考。

Abstract: With the rapid development of urbanization in China, a large number of young and middle‑aged rural laborers have migrated to cities, resulting in a particularly prominent aging problem in rural areas and the emergence of a large number of left-behind elderly people. Their elderly care lives face multiple challenges such as financial support, daily care, and emotional comfort. Based on social support theory and family system theory, this study conducts a field survey of Qinghe Town, a representative township, to gain an in-depth understanding of the real living conditions, specific needs, and difficulties faced by rural left-behind elderly people after their children migrate for work. The study finds that although rural‑urban migration of children may improve household economic conditions, it significantly weakens the function of traditional family-based elderly care, giving rise to the coexistence of a “care vacuum” and “emotional absence” and increasing pressure on community and public services. Finally, this paper puts forward integrated countermeasures and suggestions from three dimensions: strengthening family responsibilities, supplementing community services, and providing national policy support. The aim is to provide a reference for constructing a multi-level elderly care support system suited to rural realities.