贵阳市青老互助养老模式探析

An Analysis of the Intergenerational Mutual Aid Pension Model in Guiyang City

摘要: 在我国人口老龄化持续加深、传统养老模式难以适配多元需求的背景下，青老互助养老成为代际互助与资源共享的重要创新路径。本研究以贵阳市为调研对象，针对18~34岁青年群体参与意愿，依托378份有效问卷与3家养老院老人实地访谈，运用Logistic回归、主成分分析、方差分析等方法，系统探究青年认知、态度、参与意愿、服务能力及关键影响因素。结果显示，青年对该模式认知不足，但情感认同突出、支持度较高，约七成青年对模式发展持乐观态度，参与动机以社会责任感、个人成长与长期收益为主。政府支持、社区环境、激励机制及社会责任感正向影响参与意愿，时间不足、经济顾虑及年龄、专业等个人特征产生负向影响。青年在生活照料、心理关怀、数字化协助方面能力自评较好，专业健康护理能力明显不足；老年人需求集中于精神陪伴、生活帮扶与社会融入，供需在情感与生活服务高度契合，专业护理存在错位。最后从宣传、激励、时间银行、风险保障、平台建设、能力培训与规范管理等方面提出对策，助力贵阳青老共融养老生态可持续发展。

Abstract: Against the intensification of population aging in China, traditional pension models can hardly meet diverse needs, and the youth-elderly mutual-aid pension model has attracted increasing attention as an innovative path of resource sharing and intergenerational mutual assistance. Taking Guiyang as an example, this study focuses on the participation willingness of young people aged 18~34. Based on 378 valid questionnaires and field interviews with the elderly in 3 nursing homes, it analyzes youth’s cognition, attitude, participation willingness, service capacity and influencing factors, with empirical tests using Logistic regression, PCA and ANOVA. The results show that young people lack adequate cognition of the model but present prominent emotional orientation and high support: about 70% are optimistic about its future development. Their participation motivation mainly comes from social responsibility, personal growth and medium and long-term benefits. Positive influencing factors include government policy support, community environment, incentive mechanism and social responsibility, while negative factors include lack of time, economic concerns and personal characteristics such as age and major. Young people rate themselves relatively high in daily care, psychological care and digital support, but have obvious shortcomings in professional health care such as chronic disease management and rehabilitation training. The elderly mainly need spiritual companionship, daily assistance and social contact, which are highly consistent with youth supply in emotional support and daily care, but mismatch in professional nursing. The model has great potential, yet the supply-demand gap needs to be bridged. Suggestions include strengthening publicity and education, improving incentives and the “time bank” mechanism, establishing legal exemption and insurance safeguards, enhancing the supply-demand matching platform and capacity training, and promoting organization, management and safety standards, so as to boost the sustainable development of a new youth-elderly integrated pension ecosystem in Guiyang.