养老机构侵权责任的教义学诠释与规范适用

A Doctrinal Interpretation and Normative Application of Tort Liability in Care Homes

摘要: 《民法典》侵权责任编的颁布为养老机构侵权责任的认定提供了基本规范框架，但由于养老服务关系的特殊性以及老年人权益保护的复杂性，导致养老机构侵权责任的司法认定仍面临一系列理论与实践难题。为实现养老机构侵权责任的准确适用，需立足于养老机构在机构养老服务法律关系中的独特地位，将其所保护的法益界定为老年人人身安全权益与养老服务秩序的有机统一。结合养老服务关系的特殊性，确立养老机构侵权责任的归责原则体系，清晰界分过错责任原则与过错推定原则的适用范围。在此基础上，依据民事侵权法的一般理论以及《民法典》相关规定，从责任主体认定、归责原则适用、因果关系判断三个维度对养老机构侵权责任予以准确认定，从而实现养老机构侵权责任的规范适用。

Abstract: The promulgation of the Tort Liability section of the Civil Code provides a fundamental normative framework for determining the tort liability of care homes. However, due to the unique nature of care service relationships and the complexity of protecting the rights and interests of the elderly, the judicial determination of tort liability in care homes still faces a series of theoretical and practical challenges. To ensure the accurate application of tort liability in care homes, it is necessary to recognise the unique position of care homes within the legal framework of institutional care services, defining the legal interests they protect as an organic unity of the elderly person’s right to personal safety and the order of care service provision. Taking into account the specific nature of care service relationships, a system of liability principles for care homes must be established, clearly delineating the scope of application of the principle of fault-based liability and the principle of presumption of fault. On this basis, drawing upon the general theories of civil tort law and the relevant provisions of the Civil Code, the tort liability of care homes should be accurately determined from three dimensions: the identification of the liable party, the application of liability principles, and the assessment of causation, thereby achieving the standardised application of tort liability for care homes.