《1844年经济学哲学手稿》“异化劳动”理论的三重向度

The Three Dimensions of the “Alienated Labor” Theory in the Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844

摘要: “异化劳动”理论是马克思《1844年经济学哲学手稿》的核心理论。马克思“异化劳动”理论既有异化论的一般特征，也包含着马克思此时对人、人类社会以及社会历史发展的独特见解。作为马克思第一部综合讨论哲学、政治经济学与共产主义学说的著作，马克思以“异化劳动”理论为核心统筹对上述三重向度的思考与研究，其一是从政治经济学角度出发考察工人异化劳动的原因与基础，其二是从哲学–人本学角度出发考察异化劳动与人本质之间的关系，其三是从共产主义学说出发揭示异化劳动、私有财产与共产主义三者间的关系，共产主义不单是消灭私有制，更是人本质的复归。

Abstract: The “alienated labor” theory constitutes the core framework of Marx’s Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844. While retaining general characteristics of alienation theory, it also embodies Marx’s distinctive insights into humanity, human society, and social-historical development during this period. As Marx’s first comprehensive work integrating philosophy, political economy, and communist theory, the manuscript centers on the “alienated labor” theory to coordinate reflections across three dimensions: first, examining the causes and foundations of workers’ alienated labor from a political-economic perspective; second, exploring the relationship between alienated labor and human essence through a philosophical-humanistic lens; third, elucidating the interconnections among alienated labor, private property, and communism—a system that not only abolishes private ownership but also signifies the restoration of human essence.