电子商务场景下带时间窗的危险品多容量车型运输路径优化研究

Optimization of Hazardous Materials Transportation Routes with Time Windows and Heterogeneous Vehicle Capacities in an E-Commerce Context

摘要: 在电子商务持续渗透背景下，危险品运输呈现订单驱动、小批量、多批次和时效要求增强等特征，传统运输组织方式已难以兼顾安全、效率与履约需求。针对这一问题，本文构建了考虑时间窗约束、多容量车型配置及多种类危险品运输的路径优化模型，以运输阻抗、运输风险和时间窗惩罚成本最小化为目标，并设计了“Yen’s K-shortest paths Algorithm备选路径生成–改进遗传算法分配”的两阶段求解方法。算例结果表明，时间窗宽度与车型结构对调度效果具有显著影响；适度放宽时间窗并采用多容量车型协同配置，能够有效降低综合成本、提高车辆利用率，增强运输方案的安全性、经济性与时效协调性。研究结果可为危险品运输企业的运力配置与路径决策提供参考。

Abstract: In the context of the continued penetration of e-commerce, hazardous materials transportation has shown characteristics such as order-driven demand, small-batch shipments, high delivery frequency, and increasingly stringent timeliness requirements. Traditional transportation organization methods can no longer effectively balance safety, efficiency, and service fulfillment. To address this issue, this study develops a vehicle routing optimization model that considers time window constraints, heterogeneous vehicle capacity configurations, and the transportation of multiple categories of hazardous materials. The objective is to minimize transportation impedance, transportation risk, and time window penalty costs. A two-stage solution approach is proposed, combining alternative path generation based on Yen’s K-shortest paths algorithm with allocation optimization using an improved genetic algorithm. The computational results indicate that time window width and vehicle fleet structure have significant effects on scheduling performance. Appropriately relaxing time windows and adopting coordinated configurations of vehicles with multiple capacity levels can effectively reduce total cost, improve vehicle utilization, and enhance the safety, economic efficiency, and timeliness coordination of transportation plans. The findings can provide practical support for fleet configuration and routing decisions in hazardous materials transportation enterprises.