深度伪造肖像侵权的教义学阐释——以《民法典》第1019条为中心

A Doctrinal Interpretation of the Infringement of Deep Forgery Portrait—Focusing on Article 1019 of the Civil Code

摘要: 《民法典》第1019条第1款将“利用信息技术手段伪造”规定为独立的肖像侵权类型，但该条款的规范意涵、与“未经同意不得制作”的关系以及实际规制效果等方面仍存在教义学争议。文章以法教义学为基本方法，围绕第1019条展开体系化阐释，论证该条款区别于“丑化”、“污损”的独立侵权属性及其填补传统侵权类型功能不足、拓展人格权保护范围、构建多元归责结构的三重独立价值。针对侵权认定中的核心争议，提出“可识别性”标准的场景化调适方案及举证责任适度倒置的应对路径，并构建制作者、网络平台、技术提供者三方责任分层分配机制，以期为该条款的司法适用提供融贯的解释论方案。

Abstract: Article 1019, paragraph 1 of the Civil Code defines “forgery by means of information technology” as an independent type of portrait infringement. However, there are still doctrinal disputes on the normative meaning of this article, the relationship with “no production without consent”, and the actual regulatory effect. Based on legal dogmatics, this paper systematically explains Article 1019 and demonstrates its independent tort attribute, which is different from “ugliness” and “defilement”, and its triple independent value of filling the functional deficiency of traditional tort types, expanding the protection scope of personality rights, and constructing a multi-element liability structure. In view of the core dispute in the determination of infringement, this paper puts forward the scenario adjustment scheme of “identifiability” standard and the appropriate inversion of burden of proof, and constructs a hierarchical distribution mechanism of responsibilities among producers, network platforms, and technology providers, with a view to providing a coherent interpretation scheme for the judicial application of this clause.