企业数据产权制度：理论基础与法律实现

The Property Rights System for Enterprise Data: Theoretical Basis and Legal Realization

摘要: 随着数据成为核心生产要素，企业数据权属模糊问题凸显。现有理论路径中，“所有权范式”侧重数据来源者权利，忽视生产者贡献；“权利束范式”依赖个案裁量，缺乏体系化；“治理范式”则强调动态平衡，主张通过有限排他性权利与流通义务协调多方利益。需分层界定原始数据、数据集合与数据产品的权属：原始数据享非排他性持有权；数据集合赋予有限控制权；数据产品需强化排他性经营权。应以“治理范式”为核心，通过场景化规则与动态治理机制，实现数据保护与流通的双重目标，为数据要素市场规范化提供支撑。

Abstract: As data becomes a core factor of production, the ambiguity surrounding enterprise data ownership has become increasingly prominent. Among existing theoretical approaches, the “ownership paradigm” focuses on the rights of data originators while neglecting the contributions of producers; the “bundle of rights paradigm” relies on case-by-case discretion and lacks systematization; and the “governance paradigm” emphasizes dynamic balance, advocating for the coordination of multi-party interests through limited exclusive rights and corresponding circulation obligations. It is necessary to define the ownership of raw data, data collections, and data products in a layered manner: raw data should enjoy non-exclusive holding rights; data collections should be granted limited control rights; and data products require strengthened exclusive operation rights. The governance paradigm should be taken as the core, and through scenario-based rules and dynamic governance mechanisms, the dual objectives of data protection and circulation can be achieved, thereby providing support for the standardization of the data factor market.