汉语{折(~断)}义词的共时分布与历时演变

The Synchronic Distribution and Diachronic Evolution of Words Denoting the Meaning of “Zhe Duan” in Chinese

摘要: 文章通过梳理先秦至清代的传世文献、出土文献及1284个汉语方言点调查数据，分析了汉语{折(~断)}义词的分布现状与演变特点。从分布现状来看，{折(~断)}义词呈现出“北撅(绝)中撇南拗，折抈两系零散分布”的地理格局。从历时演变来看：“拗”西晋传播到南方地区，元代以后退出北方话的日常使用；“绝”“撧”“㔃”和“敠”属于同源词，由“绝”分化而来。“撅”隋唐时期诞生于中原地区，后取代“折”“拗”两系成为北方口语高频词。“撇”系起源于元明时期的江淮地区。

Abstract: The article primarily analyzes the current distribution status and evolutionary characteristics of the polysemous word “zhe duan” in Chinese. In terms of the current distribution, the polysemous word “zhe duan” presents a geographical pattern of “jue” (撅/绝) in the north, “pie” (撇) in the central region, and “ao” (拗) in the south, with the “zhe” (折) and “ao” (拗) lineages scattered. From a diachronic perspective: “ao” (拗) spread to the southern regions during the Western Jin Dynasty and withdrew from daily use in northern dialects after the Yuan Dynasty. “jue” (绝), “jue” (撧), “jue” (㔃), “que” (敠) are cognate words, derived from the differentiation of “jue” (绝). “jue” (撅) emerged in the Central Plains region during the Sui and Tang Dynasties and later replaced the “zhe” (折) and “ao” (拗) lineages to become a high-frequency word in northern oral language. “pie” (撇) lineage originated in the Jianghuai region during the Yuan and Ming Dynasties.