基于情感共现结构的汉语基本颜色词情感类型研究——以“红”“白”“黑”为例

A Corpus-Based Analysis of the Affective Types of Basic Chinese Color Terms—Evidence from the Emotional Collocational Structres of “Hong”, “Bai”, and “Hei”

摘要: 本文旨在揭示现代汉语基本颜色词情感类型的形成机制，比较“红”“白”“黑”在情感共现结构上的差异。基于BCC语料库，本文在±4词共现窗口内提取核心情感共现词，并结合情感平衡指数(Valence Index)与核心区域中心性分析，对三种颜色词的情感结构进行比较。研究发现，颜色词的情感意义并非源于色彩知觉本身，而是在长期语言使用中通过稳定的情感共现结构逐步建构而成。“红”表现为以正向评价为中心、负向资源情境性补充的正向偏向双重结构；“白”表现为正负评价轴并存且相对独立的对称双重结构；“黑”则表现为负向资源持续占据核心区域、正向资源从属的负向支配结构。尽管“白”与“黑”在情感极性数值上较为接近，但其结构组织方式存在明显差异。基于此，本文提出情感共现结构三分模型，即正向偏向双重结构型、对称性双重结构型与负向支配结构型。该模型突破了单纯依赖情感比例统计的分析路径，有助于从核心共现区域的中心性分布与意义功能组织角度解释颜色词情感类型差异。

Abstract: This study aims to reveal the formation mechanisms underlying the affective types of basic Chinese color terms and to compare the affective collocational structures of hong (red), bai (white), and hei (black). Based on the BCC corpus, the study extracts core emotional collocates within a ±4-word window and compares the affective structures of the three color terms by combining the Valence Index with an analysis of core-zone centrality. The findings show that the emotional meanings of color terms do not derive from perceptual color properties themselves, but are gradually constructed through stable affective collocational structures in actual language use. Hong exhibits a positively biased ambivalent structure in which positive evaluations occupy the center while negative resources function as contextual supplements. Bai displays a symmetrical ambivalent structure in which positive and negative evaluative axes coexist relatively independently. Hei, by contrast, shows a negative-dominant structure in which negative resources continuously occupy the core zone while positive resources remain subordinate. Although bai and hei display relatively similar valence scores, their structural organizations differ substantially. Based on these findings, the study proposes a three-part model of affective collocational structure: the positively biased ambivalent type, the symmetrical ambivalent type, and the negative-dominant type. This model moves beyond approaches that rely solely on proportional distributions of emotional polarity and provides a structural explanation of color-term affective types in terms of the centrality distribution of core collocates and the organization of evaluative functions.