影像组学在中枢神经系统中的应用、 挑战与发展

The Application, Challenges and Development of Radiomics in the Central Nervous System

摘要: 中枢神经系统疾病包括脑肿瘤、脑血管疾病、神经退行性疾病及癫痫等多种类型，是全球范围内导致死亡和致残的重要疾病之一。影像组学作为一种新兴的医学图像分析方法，通过高通量提取和量化医学图像中的特征，为临床预后预测提供了超越传统视觉评估的客观、定量工具。影像组学在中枢神经系统疾病领域取得了显著进展，在颅脑肿瘤的分级及分子特征预测、脑血管疾病风险评估、神经退行性疾病早期识别以及癫痫和精神疾病辅助诊断等方面展现出良好的应用潜力。尽管如此，影像组学临床转化仍面临数据标准化不足、样本规模有限、模型可解释性差、多中心前瞻性验证缺乏等问题。未来，依托人工智能与深度学习融合、多模态与多组学整合、联邦学习等隐私保护技术，结合标准化体系完善与多中心研究推进，影像组学将突破应用瓶颈，推动中枢神经系统疾病精准诊疗与个体化医疗发展。本文综述了影像组学的基本原理及其在中枢神经系统疾病中的研究进展，探讨当前面对的挑战及展望未来发展方向，以推动影像组学在中枢神经系统应用的进一步深化。

Abstract: Central nervous system diseases include various types such as brain tumors, cerebrovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and epilepsy, and are one of the important diseases that cause death and disability worldwide. As an emerging medical image analysis method, radiomics provides an objective and quantitative tool for clinical prognosis prediction beyond traditional visual assessment by high-throughput extraction and quantification of features in medical images. Imaging omics has made significant progress in the field of central nervous system diseases, demonstrating good application potential in the grading and molecular feature prediction of cranial tumors, risk assessment of cerebrovascular diseases, early identification of neurodegenerative diseases, and auxiliary diagnosis of epilepsy and psychiatric disorders. However, radiomics clinical translation still faces challenges such as insufficient data standardization, limited sample size, poor model interpretability, and a lack of multicenter prospective validation. In the future, by integrating artificial intelligence and deep learning, incorporating multimodal and multi-omics approaches, and leveraging privacy-preserving technologies like federated learning, along with the refinement of standardized systems and the advancement of multicenter research, radiomics will overcome application bottlenecks and drive the precise diagnosis and treatment of central nervous system diseases, as well as the development of personalized medicine. This article summarizes the basic principles of radiomics and its research progress in central nervous system diseases, explores the current challenges and prospects for future development directions, in order to further deepen the application of radiomics in the central nervous system.