老龄化背景下居住权保障功能的实现路径研究——以养老金融体系建构为中心

Research on the Realization Path of the Security Function of Housing Right under the Background of Aging—Centered on the Construction of the Pension Finance System

摘要: 我国加速步入深度老龄化社会，“住有所居”与“老有所养”的叠加需求日益迫切，《民法典》确立的居住权制度承载着老年人居住保障与财产利用的双重功能，但其在养老场景中的实践效果受制于权能单一、运行机制缺失、金融化衔接不足等现实障碍。传统以房养老模式长期面临物权保障薄弱、合同关系不稳定、风险分配不合理等困境，难以真正激活居住权的保障与融资双重价值。将居住权嵌入养老金融体系，并以合同安排作为具体运行载体，实现居住权的物权稳定性与金融工具流动性的有机衔接，成为破解养老居住保障难题的重要路径。本文以老龄化社会的现实需求为出发点，阐释居住权在养老场景中的保障功能与制度定位，反思当前居住权运行与养老金融实践的现实困境，论证居住权与养老金融衔接的法理基础及实践优势。在此基础上，围绕养老金融体系建构中的主体结构、合同安排、设立与运行规则、风险防控、登记与救济机制等层面展开体系化设计，推动居住权从单纯的保障性用益物权转向兼具保障、融资、服务功能的复合型制度工具，最终构建“物权保障 + 金融支持 + 合同规制”的养老居住保障新体系，为实现老有所居、老有所养提供制度支撑。

Abstract: China is accelerating into a deeply aging society, and the overlapping demands for “adequate housing” and “care for the elderly” are increasingly urgent. The right of habitation established in the Civil Code undertakes the dual functions of housing security and property utilization for the elderly. However, its practical effect in pension scenarios is restricted by practical obstacles such as single function, lack of supporting mechanisms and insufficient connection with the financial system. The traditional house-for-pension model has long been plagued by weak real-right protection, unstable contractual relations and unreasonable risk allocation, making it difficult to truly activate the dual value of security and financing of the right of habitation. Embedding the right of habitation into the pension finance system, and using contractual arrangements as the operational carrier, can better connect the real-right stability of the right of habitation with the liquidity of financial instruments. Based on the practical needs of an aging society, this paper expounds the security function and institutional orientation of the right of habitation in pension scenarios, reflects on the practical dilemmas of its operation and pension finance practice, and demonstrates the legal basis and practical advantages of connecting the right of habitation with pension finance. On this basis, the paper carries out a systematic design around the construction of the pension finance system, including subject structure, contractual arrangements, establishment and operation rules, risk prevention and control, registration and relief mechanisms. It promotes the transformation of the right of habitation from a single security usufructuary right to a comprehensive institutional tool with the functions of security, financing and service, and finally constructs a new pension housing security framework of real-right security + financial support + contractual regulation.