马克思主义视角下老龄化社会养老价值观的重构研究

Research on the Reconstruction of Elderly Care Values in an Aging Society from a Marxist Perspective

摘要: 人口老龄化持续深化使养老问题由家庭内部事务逐步演变为关涉国家治理、社会整合、代际关系与公共价值秩序的重要议题。在家庭小型化、人口流动常态化、养老服务市场化和社会保障体系持续完善的共同作用下，以家庭赡养为核心的传统养老价值观面临责任边界模糊、价值认知功利化、代际情感疏离和保障期待失衡等现实挑战。本文以马克思主义人民立场、人的全面发展理论、社会再生产理论和社会共同体思想为基本依据，在梳理养老价值观、代际团结、积极老龄化和福利多元主义等相关研究的基础上，结合政策文本、统计资料与既有调查研究成果，对当代中国养老价值观的现实表征及其生成机制进行分析。研究认为，养老价值观重构并不是对传统孝亲敬老伦理的简单否定，而是在现代社会条件下对养老理念、责任结构和制度基础的重新校准。新的养老价值观应以人民为中心，以老年人的尊严维护和全面发展为目标，在国家、社会、家庭和市场之间形成合理分工与协同机制，并通过长期护理保险、社区嵌入式养老服务、财政补贴精准化和养老文化建设等制度与实践安排，推动形成兼具伦理关怀、制度保障与社会公平的现代养老价值秩序。

Abstract: With the deepening of population aging, elderly care has gradually shifted from a private family matter to a major issue concerning national governance, social integration, intergenerational relations, and public value order. Under the combined influences of smaller family size, normalized population mobility, the marketization of elderly care services, and the continuous improvement of the social security system, the traditional elderly care values centered on family support are facing practical challenges such as blurred boundaries of responsibility, utilitarian value perceptions, weakened intergenerational emotional bonds, and imbalanced expectations of old-age security. This paper takes the Marxist people-centered stance, the theory of all-round human development, the theory of social reproduction, and the idea of social community as its fundamental theoretical basis. On the basis of reviewing relevant studies on elderly care values, intergenerational solidarity, active aging, and welfare pluralism, and drawing on policy documents, statistical materials, and existing research findings, it analyzes the practical manifestations and generative mechanisms of contemporary elderly care values in China. The study argues that the reconstruction of elderly care values is not a simple negation of the traditional ethics of filial piety and respect for the elderly, but rather a recalibration of elderly care concepts, responsibility structures, and institutional foundations under modern social conditions. The new elderly care values should be people-centered, aimed at safeguarding the dignity of older adults and promoting their all-round development, establish a rational division of labor and coordination among the state, society, family, and market, and, through institutional and practical arrangements such as long-term care insurance, embedded community-based elderly care services, targeted fiscal subsidies, and the development of elderly care culture so as to form a modern elderly care value order that integrates ethical care, institutional support, and social justice.