乐清大荆方言处置、被动与致使范畴的句法研究——基于《汉语方言语法调查问卷》的学习与考察

A Syntactic Study of Disposal, Passive and Causative Categories in the Dialect of Dajing, Yueqing—Based on the Learning and Investigation of the “Questionnaire on Chinese Dialect Grammar”

摘要: 本文以《汉语方言语法调查问卷》为基础，以吴语瓯江片与台州片过渡地带的乐清大荆方言为研究对象，重点描写了该方言中处置式、被动式及致使式的句法标记与结构特征。调查发现大荆方言处置式主要采用“拨”(同普通话“把”，发音类似[pəʔ]或[pɔʔ])。“拨”字在主要作给予义，这里是借用作处置，但该句式的使用受到施事生命状况与动词结果义的严格限制，在无生命施事句中往往受限；其次被动式主要采用“乞”(同“克”，发音为[kʰiʔ])形式，保留了较强的施事引进功能；最后致使式“凹”([ʔau])具有独特的句法标记功能，与被动标记在句法分布上界限分明，呈现出显著差异。本文对三者的探讨揭示了大荆方言在句法类型学上的过渡与功能避复性质。

Abstract: Based on the “Questionnaire on Chinese Dialect Grammar”, this paper takes the Dajing dialect of Yuejiang and Taizhou sub-dialects’ transitional zone in Wuyue as the research object, and focuses on describing the syntactic markers and structural features of the causative, passive and disposal constructions in this dialect. The investigation reveals that the disposal construction in Dajing dialect mainly uses “拨” (similar to Mandarin pronounced as [pəʔ] or [pɔʔ]), which mainly conveys the meaning of giving but is borrowed here for disposal. However, the use of this construction is strictly restricted by the life status of the agent and the resultative meaning of the verb, and is often limited in sentences with inanimate agents. Secondly, the passive construction mainly adopts the form of “乞” (similar pronounced as [kʰiʔ]), which retains a strong function of introducing the agent. Finally, the causative construction “凹” ([ʔau]) has a unique syntactic marking function, and its syntactic distribution is clearly distinct from that of the passive marker, showing significant differences. The discussion of the three constructions in this paper reveals the transitional and functional avoidance characteristics of the Dajing dialect in syntactic typology.