论汉语被动句在哈萨克语中的对应表达

On the Corresponding Expressions of Chinese Passive Sentences in Kazakh

摘要: 汉语和哈语两种语言被动范畴的对应表达存在显著的结构与标记差异。汉语被动句式以“被”字为核心标记，形成“NP₁ + 被 + (NP₂) + VP”的句法框架，主要依托语义和词汇手段传递被动内涵，侧重凸显受事主语的受影响性与动作结果的完结性，动词通常需要附加补语或体标记，以符合句法规范。哈萨克语被动结构依靠动词形态变化构建，无需显性介词标记，施事成分多为隐性表达，或借助后置结构引出，形成独特的形态化表达范式。语义层面上，二者均突出受事主语的受制属性与动作结果，但哈萨克语相关形态表达更侧重动作过程的客观描述，汉语则着重强调最终状态的完成与定格。二者在语序排布、主谓关系、使用频率、施事呈现方式、时体标记系统等方面差异明显。实际交际中，两类表达形式生硬直译易造成语义偏差，本文重点探究汉、哈两种语言被动语义的合理转换方式。翻译过程中需结合具体语境与语义逻辑，灵活选用适配的表达手段，从而保障语义准确、表达通顺自然。

Abstract: There are significant structural and marking differences between Chinese and Kazakh in the corresponding expressions of the passive category. In Chinese, the passive construction is centered around the particle “bei”, forming a syntactic framework of “NP₁ + bei + (NP₂) + VP”. It primarily relies on semantic and lexical means to convey passive meaning, emphasizing the passivity of the recipient subject and the completed nature of the action’s outcome. Verbs typically require the addition of complements or aspect markers to conform to syntactic norms. Kazakh passive structures are constructed through verb inflection, requiring no explicit prepositional markers; the agent is often implicitly expressed or introduced via postpositional constructions, forming a unique morphological expression paradigm. At the semantic level, both languages highlight the subject’s passive status and the outcome of the action; however, the relevant morphological expressions in Kazakh place greater emphasis on the objective description of the action process, whereas Chinese emphasizes the completion and final state of the action. The two languages exhibit significant differences in word order, subject-verb relations, frequency of use, the presentation of the agent, and the system of tense and aspect markers. In practical communication, a literal translation of these two types of expressions can easily lead to semantic discrepancies. This paper focuses on exploring appropriate methods for converting passive semantics between Chinese and Kazakh. During the translation process, it is necessary to flexibly select suitable expressive means based on specific context and semantic logic, thereby ensuring semantic accuracy and natural, fluent expression.