老龄化背景下飞歌师徒传承的代际重塑与出路

Intergenerational Reshaping and Pathways for the Master-Disciple Inheritance of Feige in the Context of an Aging Society

摘要: 本文以L县苗族飞歌传承为例，探讨老龄化背景下少数民族传统师徒关系的变迁。随着青壮年外流，传承主体呈现高龄化，传统以家族和村寨为基础的师徒纽带面临代际断裂风险。老年传承人作为技艺核心却受身体衰退与后继乏人制约，年轻一代则因生计方式转变与语言隔阂难以进行长期学艺。飞歌逐渐从日常生活对唱转向节庆展演，存在技艺“表演化”隐忧。然而实践显示，师徒制正通过代际协作团队、数字媒介应用等方式弹性重构。研究表明，老龄化既是危机也可能成为契机，关键在于建立“养老–传承”融合支持体系，通过政策设计将老年传承人视为活态文化资源，在社区层面搭建技艺传授与养老照料相结合的平台，使传统技艺在人口结构变迁中找到可持续的延续路径。

Abstract: Taking the inheritance of Miao Feige (Miao Flying Songs) in L County as a case study, this paper explores the transformation of traditional master-apprentice relationships among ethnic minorities in the context of an aging society. As young and middle-aged populations migrate out of rural areas, the main body of inheritors is becoming increasingly elderly, and the traditional master-apprentice bonds based on family and village ties face the risk of intergenerational gap. While elderly inheritors serve as the core of these skills, they are constrained by physical decline and a lack of successors; meanwhile, the younger generation finds it difficult to engage in long-term apprenticeship due to changes in livelihood and linguistic barriers. Feige has gradually shifted from daily-life antiphonal singing to festival performances, giving rise to concerns over the “performative” nature of the craft. However, practice shows that the master-apprentice system is undergoing flexible reconstruction through intergenerational collaborative teams and the application of digital media. This study suggests that aging can be both a crisis and an opportunity. The key lies in establishing an integrated “elderly care-inheritance” support system, which, through policy design, treats elderly inheritors as living cultural resources and builds platforms at the community level that combine skill transmission with elderly care, enabling traditional crafts to find sustainable continuation amid demographic shifts.