从“需求”到“资产”：农村养老的社会工作介入模式研究

From “Needs” to “Assets”: A Study on Social Work Intervention Models for Rural Elderly Care

摘要: 中国已进入深度老龄化社会，农村老龄化程度显著高于城市，农村养老问题日益突出。劳动力外流导致家庭养老功能弱化，农村老年人面临经济支持、生活照料、精神慰藉的多重困境。传统需求导向模式过度依赖外部资源，难以实现可持续发展。本研究采用文献研究与理论建构方法，探讨专业社会工作如何运用资产为本的社区发展模式回应农村养老问题。研究发现，从“需求”到“资产”的范式转换是破解农村养老困境的必然选择。建构的社会工作介入模式以资产为本、优势视角、赋能参与、社区互助、可持续发展为核心理念，社会工作者承担赋能者、组织者、资源链接者等多元角色，介入过程遵循“资产盘点–关系构建–资产激活–持续发展”的运作流程。本研究的理论贡献在于推动农村养老研究从“问题视角”向“优势视角”的范式转换，实践贡献在于为农村养老服务提供从“外部输血”到“内部造血”的转型思路。

Abstract: China has entered a deeply aging society, with rural areas facing more severe aging challenges. Labor outmigration has weakened family-based elderly care, leaving rural older adults struggling with economic support, daily care, and emotional well-being. Traditional needs-oriented models overly rely on external resources and lack sustainability. This study employs literature review and theoretical construction to explore how professional social work applies asset-based community development models to rural elderly care. The findings indicate that shifting from a “needs-oriented” to an “asset-based” paradigm is essential. The constructed intervention model emphasizes asset-based approaches, strengths perspective, empowering participation, community mutual aid, and sustainable development. Social workers serve as enablers, organizers, and resource mobilizers, following a process of asset mapping, relationship building, asset mobilization, and sustainable development. The study contributes theoretically to shifting rural elderly care research from a problem-oriented to a strengths-oriented perspective, and practically to transforming rural elderly care from external support to internal capacity building.