企业数据权益的正当性证成

Justification of the Legitimacy of Enterprise Data Rights

摘要: 数字经济时代，数据已成为关键经济资源，企业数据权益的法律保护成为法律秩序建构的核心命题。然而，相较于个人数据权益保护已形成相对完善的立法与司法体系，企业数据权益的正当性基础、权利属性与保护边界仍存分歧。本文以指导性案例262号为切入点，同时参酌近年来地方法院审理的典型数据权益纠纷案件，结合2025年修订的《反不正当竞争法》，从合法收集与价值创造双重维度证成企业数据权益正当性。研究提出企业数据以“记录”为形式要素、“提取”为实质要素，权益根基在于实质性投入与价值创造。文章进一步探讨行为规制与赋权路径的协同、法律适用衔接、权利顺位及利益平衡问题，并引入域外制度比较与经济分析，从立法、司法解释、司法裁量、企业合规四方面提出优化建议，旨在构建兼顾数据安全与流通的企业数据权益保护规则体系。

Abstract: In the era of digital economy, data has become a key economic resource, and the legal protection of enterprise’ data rights has become a core proposition in the construction of the legal order. However, compared with the relatively complete legislative and judicial system for the protection of personal data rights, there are still differences regarding the legitimacy basis, rights attributes, and protection boundaries of enterprise data rights. This article takes Guiding case No.262 as the entry point and refers to typical data rights disputes cases tried by local courts in recent years. Combined with the revised Anti-Unfair Competition Law in 2025, it justifies the legitimacy of enterprise’ data rights from the dual dimensions of legal collection and value creation. The research proposes that enterprise data takes “recording” as the formal element and “extraction” as the substantive element, and the rights foundation lies in substantive investment and value creation. The article further explores the coordination of behavioral regulation and empowerment paths, the connection of legal application, the ranking of rights, and the balance of interests, and introduces comparisons of foreign systems and economic analysis, and puts forward optimization suggestions from four aspects: legislation, judicial interpretation, judicial discretion, and enterprise compliance, aiming to build a protection rule system for enterprise’ data rights that takes into account data security and circulation.