离婚协议参照适用《民法典》合同编的边界与规则

Boundaries and Rules for the Reference Application of the Contract Chapter of the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China to Divorce Agreements

摘要: 离婚协议兼具婚姻关系解除的身份属性与子女抚养、财产分割等财产属性，《中华人民共和国民法典》第464条第2款虽为其参照合同编提供规范基础，但“根据其性质参照适用”表述模糊，引发诸多司法争议。为厘清适用逻辑、维护司法公正与家庭关系稳定，本文结合其双重属性展开研究，明确参照适用需以协调身份法强制性与财产法任意性为前提，遵循规范解释、类似性判断、价值校验三步流程。结合典型司法争议辨析，赠与子女财产条款应结合协议整体性排除赠与合同任意撤销权，身份与财产义务间不适用双务合同抗辩权，且人身义务不得强制履行、财产约定优先子女利益。本研究梳理了适用逻辑与边界，为司法争议解决提供指引，助力平衡身份与财产权益。

Abstract: A divorce agreement integrates the personal attribute of terminating marital relationships and the property attribute concerning child custody, property division and other related matters. Although Paragraph 2 of Article 464 of the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China serves as the normative foundation for the reference application of the Contract Chapter to such agreements, the ambiguous expression of “reference application in accordance with its nature” has given rise to a host of judicial controversies. To clarify the application logic, uphold judicial justice and maintain family stability, this paper conducts an in-depth study based on their dual attributes. It clarifies that reference application must be predicated on coordinating the mandatory nature of personal law and the discretionary nature of property law, and follows a three-step procedure consisting of normative interpretation, similarity judgment and value verification. Through an analysis of typical judicial disputes, this paper holds that the clause on donating property to children should exclude the right of arbitrary revocation of donation contracts in light of the integrity of the divorce agreement; defense rights of bilateral contracts shall not apply to the obligations between personal obligations and property obligations; personal obligations shall not be compulsorily enforced, and property agreements shall prioritize the best interests of children. This study sorts out the application logic and boundaries of reference application, provides clear guidance for the resolution of judicial disputes, and contributes to the balanced protection of personal and property rights and interests.