新业态用工中“隐蔽劳动关系”的实质性认定

Substantive Determination of “Concealed Labor Relations” in New Forms of Employment

摘要: 数字经济背景下，平台用工领域普遍存在以合同形式伪装、主体身份异化、用工链条外包等方式构建的隐蔽劳动关系，以民事合作外观遮蔽实质劳动支配，不仅导致劳动关系认定陷入司法分歧，更系统性侵蚀劳动法规范效力。传统“人格–经济–组织”三维从属性标准在算法用工模式下解释力弱化，难以适配新型用工的隐蔽性与算法化特征。本文以最高人民法院第42批指导性案例为切入点，立足实质性审判的裁判逻辑，剖析隐蔽劳动关系的实践形态与司法困境，反思传统从属性标准的理论局限，构建“三维从属性为核心、技术从属性为关键、第三类形态为补充”的综合判断体系，划定不完全劳动关系的边界与实质性认定的适用限度，为新业态用工关系的司法认定提供法理支撑与实践指引。

Abstract: In the context of the digital economy, disguised employment relationships have become prevalent in platform work, constructed through contractual form evasion, worker status reclassification, and multi-tiered outsourcing chains. These arrangements conceal substantive labor subordination behind the appearance of civil cooperation, giving rise not only to judicial divergence in employment relationship determination but also to systemic erosion of the normative force of labor law. The traditional tripartite subordination criteria—personal, economic, and organizational subordination—have suffered diminished explanatory power under algorithm-driven work arrangements, proving inadequate to address the disguised and algorithm-mediated characteristics of new forms of employment. Taking the Supreme People’s Court’s 42nd Batch of Guiding Cases as a point of departure and grounded in the adjudicative logic of penetrative adjudication, this article examines the practical patterns and judicial dilemmas surrounding disguised employment relationships, critically reflects on the theoretical limitations of traditional subordination criteria, and constructs a comprehensive analytical framework featuring “three-dimensional subordination as the core, technological subordination as the key, and the third-category employment form as the supplement”. The article further delineates the boundaries of incomplete employment relationships and the applicable limits of penetrative determination, with the aim of providing jurisprudential support and practical guidance for the judicial determination of employment relationships in new forms of work.