从属性理论视域下互联网平台用工劳动关系认定研究

Research on the Determination of Labor Relationships in Internet Platform Employment from the Perspective of Subordination Theory

摘要: 随着互联网平台经济的深度发展，外卖配送、网约车、网络主播等新业态用工模式对传统劳动法“从属性”认定标准形成系统性挑战。平台用工呈现出用工形式灵活化、管理手段隐蔽化、多重劳动关系常态化等特征，导致人格从属性、经济从属性与组织从属性在适用中面临标准失灵、裁判分歧与举证困难等多重困境。司法实践中同类案件“同案不同判”现象突出，劳动者权益保障陷入“全有或全无”的二元僵局。域外德国“类雇员”、英国“非雇员劳动者”及美国经济现实测试等制度为我国提供了有益借鉴。文章认为，应当突破“劳动二分法”的刚性框架，构建“劳动关系–类劳动关系–民事关系”的三元调整体系，以经济从属性为核心、人格从属性为辅助重构认定标准，优化举证责任分配，坚持事实优先与实质审查原则，并率先建立类劳动者的职业伤害保障机制，以实现平台经济创新发展与劳动者权益保障的动态平衡。

Abstract: With the further development of the internet platform economy, new forms of employment—such as food delivery, ride-hailing, and online streaming—pose systemic challenges to the traditional “subordination” criteria under labor law. Platform-based work exhibits characteristics including flexible employment arrangements, hidden managerial methods, and the normalization of multiple simultaneous labor relationships. These features lead to multiple difficulties in the application of personal subordination, economic subordination, and organizational subordination, including the failure of existing standards, divergent judicial rulings, and evidentiary obstacles. In judicial practice, the phenomenon of “different judgments for similar cases” is prominent, leaving workers’ rights protection trapped in a binary “all-or-nothing” dilemma. Institutional models from abroad—such as Germany’s “employee-like person”, the UK’s “non-employee worker”, and the US’s “economic reality test”—offer useful references for China. This paper argues that it is necessary to break through the rigid framework of the “labor law dichotomy” and construct a tripartite regulatory system consisting of “employment relationship-employment-like relationship-civil relationship”. The criteria should be restructured with economic subordination as the core and personal subordination as supplementary. The allocation of the burden of proof should be optimized, and the principles of fact-priority and substantive review should be adhered to. Furthermore, a mechanism for occupational injury protection for employment-like persons should be established as a priority, so as to achieve a dynamic balance between the innovative development of the platform economy and the protection of workers’ rights.